The Importance of Financial Management to an Organisation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1877 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Credit control is the process of control over payments coming into and going out of the firm. It is mainly concerned with the firms and the firms debtors. Tight credit control is important if a firm wants to avoid cash flow problems (Garrison, Ray. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Importance of Financial Management to an Organisation" essay for you Create order H., et al : 2009). According to(Kaplan, Robert. S., Bruns. W, 1987) Cash or finance is considered the life blood for any business. In the current competitive era Granting credit in order to win sales is a fact of life for every business, as is the likelihood that more than 50% of your credit customers will fail to pay on time. Sadly, no matter how good your product or service is and no matter how adapt you are at winning new customers and increasing sales, unless you can convert those sales into cash reasonably quickly, you wont remain in business for long. The solution to this problem is setting up a simple credit control system and injecting a little more discipline into the process of granting credit and recovering cash, your customers will start paying. If we look at the financial report of Wal-Mart, Current liabilities exceeded current assets at January 31, 2010, by $7.2 billion, an increase of $789 million from January 31, 2009. Our ratio of current assets to current liab ilities was 0.9 at January 31, 2010(financial report, 2010 p.10). According to the Wal-Mart officials it is the proof of efficient cash flow management but if we look at the industry average, it is clear that Wal-Marts working capital ratio is critical and they should maintain working capital ratio around 1. Furthermore, the increased provision for doubtful debts which was $298 million and $188 million at January 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively also shows the poor credit control management (five years financial report, 2010 p.17). 1.2 How a company can adjust its fixed and variable cost A fixed cost is that cost which does not vary with the level of activity within a specified range (Garrison, Ray. H., et al, 2009). A variable cost is that cost which varies with the level of activity within a specified range (Garrison, Ray. H., et al, 2009). There are number of ways by which a company can adjust its fixed and variable costs in economic downturns like reducing activity level, downsizing, and decrease in the level of borrowings or investments. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.  acquired a controlling interest in  Distribucion y Servicio DS SA, Chiles largest grocer, completing its biggest acquisition in Latin America on 23 January 2009, and other collaborations with China and Indian firms to open super markets in these particular countries, when Wal-Mart acquired DS, there was too much overstaffing and non-productive debt burden which was paid by Wal-Mart these activities shows the strong financial position of Wal-Mart (Bloomberg, 2009). Wal-Mart is als o reducing its fixed cost like interest by paying off the unproductive debts of DS but due to the new acquisition of DS the overall staff is increased and hence there is an increase in the administrative expenses and variable expenses like labour cost but by downsizing and training the staff these expenses are being removed gradually (five years financial report, 2010 p.40). Reasons For The Companies Need To Raise Finance 2.1 Debt Financing The act of a business raising  operating capital  or other  capital  by  borrowing, most often, this refers to the  issuance  of a  bond,  debenture, or other  debt security (Powell, Gary. N., 2005). Long Term Debt Financing  usually applies to assets your business is purchasing, such as equipment, buildings, land, or machinery. With long term debt financing, the scheduled repayment of the loan and the estimated useful life of the assets extends over more than one year (Sapp, Richard, David. C., Steven. R., 1990 ). Short Term Debt Financing  usually applies to money needed for the day-to-day operations of the business, such as purchasing inventory, supplies, or paying the wages of employees. Short term financing is referred to as an operating loan or short term loan because scheduled repayment takes place in less than one year. A line of credit is an example of short term debt financing (Sapp, Richard, David. C., Steven. R., 1990 ). Short-term borrowings of Wal-Mart consist of commercial paper and lines of credit. Short-term borrowings outstanding at January 31, 2010 and 2009 were $523 million and $1.5 billion, respectively. The company has certain lines of credit totalling $9.0 billion, most of which were undrawn as of January 31, 2010. Of the $9.0 billion in lines of credit, $8.6 billion is committed with 34 financial institutions(five years financial report, 2010 p.24)In long term debts bonds and other certificates consist of $42216 million in 2010 while it was $40960 in 2009 (five years financial report, 2010 p.18) 2.2. Equity financing Equity finance is a way of raising share capital from external investors in return for handing over a share of the business. This may take many forms, including a share of future profits, but is most frequently associated with sharing the ownership of the business to some degree (Sapp, Richard, David. C., Steven. R.,1990 ). A company can raise finance in three different ways by equity financing it can either retain the profits in the business instead of distributing them back to shareholders, it can sell new shares to existing stockholders (rights issue) or it can sell new shares to general public and investing institutions. Wal-Mart has equity portfolio which consists of preferred stock, common stock, retained earnings and premium on the issue of shares which was $70,749 million in 2010 and $ 65,285 million in 2009 (five years financial report, 2010 p.18) As the Wal-Mart is enjoying the good financial position so it can easily increase its capital by seasonal and unseasonal public offerings Options for Companies to invest 3.1 Consideration of a company before making an investment Investors must overcome two considerations before they invest. First, the investor must be convinced their investment will be safe and that they will eventually recover their capital. Second, the investor wants to know how and whether the return assumptions are reasonable, achievable, and likely( KAPLAN, ROBERT. S., BRUNS. W., 1987). Safety is even more important than ever with the events of recent years so safety is strongly on everyones minds. Overcoming the investment safety issues implies having a very detailed plan that walks the investor through each conceivable downside event and shows clearly and simply how potential pitfalls are overcome. The principals plan should anticipate market devaluation, increased costs, liability issues, unfriendly rate environments, potential inflation, management issues, weaker revenues, weaker revenue growth, vacancy issues, maintenance issues, and facility failures to name a few (Kaplan, Robert. S., Bruns. W., 1987). Apart from these financ ial factors there are several non-financial factors that should be considered some of these are climate issues, staff motivation, customer satisfaction, manpower availability, government regulation etc. Wall-mart must look for opening inaugurating its business in Asia especially in south East Asia as well because the economic conditions of these countries suits Wall-mart and will be proved profitable as the world economy is being transferred to these countries. Wal-Mart already has made collaborations with Chinese and Indian companies as investments in these countries (Bloomberg, 2009) 3.2 Payback ratio The  payback period  is the time necessary to recover the initial outlay on an  investment. Where annual  cash  flows are identical, the  payback period  is equal to:  investment/annual cash  flow.  Payback period  criterion emphasises the  liquidity  of an  investment, but not its value. Payback period  is also called  payback ratio (Garrison, Ray. H., et al : 2009). 3.3 The Pay-out Ratio The dividend pay-out ratio is calculated by dividing the dividend paid by the net income per share. Dividend Paid/Net Income per Share = Dividend Pay-out Ratio 2009= 0.95/3.39= 0.2808 or 28.08% 2010= 1.09/3.71=0.2938 or 29.38% Despite of increase in the cost of production there is increase in the net income available for shareholders, so they have decided to pay more dividend as compare to the previous year 2009(five years financial report, 2010 p.18). Importance of Preparing Reports for Companys Finance 4.1. Overview of income statement and balance sheet 4.1.1 Operating Expenses In fiscal 2010, operating expenses increased 2.7% when compared to fiscal 2009, while net sales increased 1.0% over the same period. Operating expenses grew at a faster rate than net sales due to higher health benefit costs, restructuring charges and higher advertising expenses (five years financial report, 2010 p.5). 4.1.2 Operating Income For fiscal 2010, Wal-Mart met objective of growing operating income at a faster rate than net sales. Operating income increased by 5.1% when compared to fiscal 2009, while net sales increased by 1.0% over the same period (five years financial report, 2010 p.5). 4.1.3 Free Cash Flow Free cash flow is defined as net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations in a period minus payments for property and equipment made in that period. Wal-Mart generated positive free cash flow of $14.1 billion, $11.6 billion and $5.7 billion for the years ended January 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The increase in free cash flow is primarily the result of improved operating results and inventory management (five years financial report, 2010 p.5). Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales, (gross profit margin) was 24.8%, 24.2% and 24.0% in fiscal 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Wal-Mart U.S. and International segment sales yield higher gross profit margins than Sams Club segment (five years financial report, 2010 p.8). Effective income tax rate was 32.4% for fiscal year 2010 and 34.2% for fiscal years 2009 and 2008. The fiscal 2010 effective tax rate decreased compared to fiscal 2009 due to $372 million in net tax benefits that primarily resu lted from the repatriation of certain non-U.S. earnings that increased utilization of U.S. foreign tax credits (five years financial report, 2010 p.8). There is 0.3% increase in the percentage of operating income to net sales as compare to the previous year. 4.1.4 Common Stock Dividends Wal-Mart paid dividends of $1.09 per share in fiscal 2010, representing a 15% increase over fiscal 2009. The fiscal 2009 dividend of $0.95 per share represented an 8% increase over fiscal 2008 (five years financial report, 2010 p.9). There is 1.26% decrease in the current assets as per last year 2009, but 4.45% increase in total assets shows that company is focusing on capital expenditures rather than revenue expenditures which will ultimately help in improving the stability of the company. The current liabilities are increased this year which shows the better credit policies. 4.2 Advantage of cash flow statement rather than balance sheet Valuation companies prefer to analyse the cash flow statement as compare to the balance sheet because the balance sheet basically shows the assets, liabilities and equity on a particular time but does not show the cash inflow or out flow of the company which is more crucial for valuation because it clears that how much cash inflow will be at the time of debt payment for so that the company will pay the debt. Only the assets and liabilities do not tell the credibility of a company to pay and handle the debt. That is the reason companies prefer cash flow statements rather than the balance sheet (Kaplan, Robert. S., Bruns. W., 1987). Conclusion As we have gone through the financial report of Wal-Mart and we have analysed different ratios and statements it seems that despite the economic downturn Wal-Mart is still carrying on its way to progress and expansion. Although Wal-Mart has acquired the DS which have a huge burden of debts and inefficient employees and there was huge cash outflow but still this year its operating income is increased by 0.3 % which is the proof of efficient credit and finance policies. But the slight unfavourable change in the working capital and debtors and creditors turnover ratio still indicates the room for improvement. Wal-Mart should review its credit control policies and make necessary arrangements to overcome this weakness.

The Humanity of Achilles Essay - 922 Words

As George Eliot once said, â€Å"It is a narrow mind which cannot look at a subject from various points of view.† Whether viewing a piece of artwork or another person, there are often many points of view to evaluate in order to find the true core of the subject. In great works of literature, authors often create complex and dynamic characters to add depth and meaning into the story. In the Iliad, Homer beautifully depicts the multifaceted character of Achilles as an epic hero. As readers look closely at Achilles, he reveals different sides of himself as the epic poem develops. Representing the struggle between his dominant, selfish, and Dionysian nature as an epic hero and his hidden empathetic Apollonian core, Achilles reveals the mythos of†¦show more content†¦The taking of Bryseis angered Achilles because she represented his success as a leader. Achilles also consistently shows another Dionysian trait throughout the Iliad: the seeking of revenge. In the Iliad Pat roclus, a trusted friend of Achilles goes to fight against Hector while Achilles is away from the war. Ultimately, Patroclus is murdered by Hector on the battlefield and Achilles greatly mourns him (Homer 16.77-867). Achilles was deeply saddened by the death of his beloved comrade and â€Å"grief took hold of [him]† (Hamilton 197). Representing Sigmund Freud’s principle of homo lomini lupus or man is a wolf to man, Achilles wants to avenge his friend’s life by murdering the one who murdered him. Mankind has the tendency to do unto others as others have done unto them. Hector killed Patroclus but Achilles is blind to his motives as to why. He doesn’t see that Hector killed Patroclus in self-defense during a battle but he only views Hector as a murderer. The blindness with which Achilles acts shows an immense force working in Achilles. According to Simone Weil force is â€Å"that x that turns anybody who is subjected to it into a thing† (Benfey,82). In this case the force that acts on Achilles is the degrading force of anger due to war. The war has stripped Achilles of his humanity and ability to act rationally. If Achilles continues to behave primarily in a Dionysian way, he will become the cause of his own ultimate detriment.Show MoreRelatedAchilles Vs. Hector : Achilles And Hector883 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribes majority of the war that went on between the Greek and Trojan, which included the warriors Achilles and Hector. Throughout the poem the similarities and the differences became evident between the main characters, Achilles and Hector. Although Achilles and Hector are considered two different types of heroes, they had their similarities as much as they had their differences. Both Achilles and Hector were the greatest warriors of their armies, and both are very stubborn when it comes to theirRead MoreHuman Morality In Athenians And Achilles1335 Words   |  6 Pagesmorality that plague both the Athenians and Achille s. During crises, they lose their humanity and compassion for others. Humanity is complex, and one aspect of it is the human capacity to empathize with other creatures. Not being able to empathize with others is a sign of a lack of humanity, and in the modern world is associated, when dramatic enough, with psychopathy. This can be applied to the mental states of the people in these works as well. Achilles loses his connection with his people and strugglesRead MoreEssay On Simile In The Iliad790 Words   |  4 Pagesprotagonist: Achilles. Achilles is a complex and dynamic character. Despite his almost superhuman strength defining his identity, he rejects the heroic code, and his fated downfall in The Iliad’s Book 24 ultimately defines him. The Homeric simile symbolizes Achilles’ strength in battle, juxtaposes him with other characters of the poem, and emphasizes his rage and decline in humanity throughout The Iliad. The Homeric simile shows both Achilles’ agility in battle and his rage. 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Comparison Between Hinduism and Budhism Free Essays

Comparison of Two types of Pagan Religion i. e. Hinduism and Buddhism South Asian people have a well-defined amalgam of Abrahamic and Pagan religions. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison Between Hinduism and Budhism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two of the Pagan religions of this region are well-known in this region because their birth place South Asia. These two religions are â€Å"Hinduism† and â€Å"Buddhism†. Hinduism refers to the principal and most ancient religious tradition of India: in it the lives of the believers are governed by the doctrines of â€Å"Dharma† or universal law, â€Å"Karma† or the cumulative effects of personal actions, and â€Å"Samsara† or the cycle of rebirth, liberation from which is the first goal of life; [similarly] Buddhism is a religion and philosophic system, founded in India in the 6th cent. By Buddha: it teaches the right thinking and self-denial will enable the soul to reach Nirvana, a divine state of release from misdirected desire† (â€Å"Dictionary definitions you can understand-†). Although the birth place of both religions is South Asia and thus they stem from a similar Philosophy and culture, as S. Radhakrishnan says â€Å"Buddhism, in its origin at least is an offshoot of Hinduism† (qtd. In  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Buddhism Hinduism, Comparative Study of Buddhism Hinduism, Compare Contrast Buddhism Hinduism. â€Å"); yet there is also a prominent difference in the major ideational elements of Doctrine of both; which includes â€Å"Concept of God†, â€Å"Reincarnation† and â€Å"Caste system†. In each and every religion of the World, the word â€Å"God† generally refers to designate a supreme power, who is the ultimate creator of the entire universe. In Hinduism there is also such definition for God. â€Å"Neither the multitude of gods nor great sages know my origin, for I am the source of all the gods and great sages. A mortal who knows me as the unborn, beginning-less great lord of the world is freed from all delusion and all evils† (â€Å"Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 2 – Verses 9 10. †). But the thorough study of Hinduism reveals it a polytheistic religion; indeed most of Hindus attest it by their worship of God. As they consider the many of living and non-living things to be divine and sacred. For example they consider the trees, the sun, the moon, the monkey, the snake and the human beings as manifestations of God. While in Buddhism, the designation of God is same as in Hinduism. As Gospel of Buddha says â€Å"There is, O monks, an unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed. Were there not, O monks, this unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed, there would be no escape from the world of the born, originated, created, formed. Since, O monks, there is an unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed, therefore is there an escape from the world of the born, originated, created, formed† (â€Å"The Gospel of Buddha†). But there appears difference in the belief in gods and godly manifestations of both religions; because in Buddhism there is no such entailment of godly figures in the original Buddhist doctrine, except in few sects. â€Å"Buddha was once asked by a disciple whether God exists. He refused to reply. When pressed, he said that if you are suffering from a stomach ache would you concentrate on relieving the pain or studying the prescription of the physician. â€Å"It is not my business or yours to find out whether there is God – our business is to remove the sufferings of the world† (â€Å"Concept of god in Buddhism†). Doctrine of Buddhism says that all these are the ways, by which people soothe themselves. â€Å"Gripped by fear, men go to the sacred mountains, sacred grooves, sacred trees and shrines† (â€Å"The Dhammapada 188†). But also Buddhists do not condemn the concept of gods and also they do not regard the believers of gods as sinners. Hinduism is considered as the complex mixture of religious philosophies and schools; but the soul of all this is â€Å"Reincarnation† i. e. the journey of the â€Å"soul† (atman) from one body to another body(cycle of birth and death). This cycle of birth and death (also known as â€Å"Samsara†) is summarized in the following verse of The Bhagavad Gita: â€Å"Just as a man discards worn out clothes and puts on new clothes, the soul discards worn out bodies and wears new ones. † (Chapter 2-Verse 22). As we profoundly glance over both the religions: â€Å"Buddhism shares some concepts of Reincarnation with Hinduism but on the major there appear differences. For example Theravada Buddhism emphasizes in the doctrine of â€Å"Anatta†, or no soul, which states there is no enduring entity that persists from one life to the next. While in Hinduism, â€Å"Karma† determines the circumstances of subsequent lives, so there is continuity between personalities but not persistence of identity. For this reason, Thervada Buddhist prefer the term â€Å"Rebirth† to â€Å"Reincarnation†. That is why in Buddhism, the law of â€Å"Karma† is viewed as naturalistic, akin to the laws of physics. Thus Buddhists do not consider the circumstances of â€Å"Rebirth† as rewards or punishment handed out by a controlling God, they simply regard it the natural result of various good and bad deeds. Thus contrary to the infinite cycle of â€Å"Reincarnation†: â€Å"Rebirth† inevitably involves suffering and ends when all carvings are lost and â€Å"Nirvana† is achieved† (â€Å"Does Hinduism Believe In Reincarnation. â€Å"). So Buddhists lead their lives in a way (negating the concept of infinite cycle of births and deaths), which leads them to their ultimate destination i. e. Nirvana Some of the teachings of every religion of the world provide the guidelines in order to secure the basic social rights of the people. But the there are some religion in which â€Å"Caste system† has deprived the people from their basic social rights. â€Å"During the Buddha’s time â€Å"Brahmanism† was the predominant religion in India, in which all humans were divided into four castes i. e priests, warriors, traders and laborers. Later on this â€Å"Caste system† was absorbed into â€Å"Hinduism†, given religious legitimacy and sanction and has continued to function right up till the present. This has made the Social contact between each cast minimal and has provided the lower ones with the less opportunities, the less freedom and the less rights. Outside the caste system there are the outcast’s people, who are considered so impure that they are hardly counted as humans. On the other hand Buddha himself was born into the warrior caste, but he severely criticized the caste system. He ridiculed the priests’ claims to be superior, he criticized the theological basis of the system and he welcomed into the  Sangha  people of all castes, including outcasts. His most famous saying on the subject is: â€Å"Birth does not make one a priest or an outcaste. Behavior makes one either a priest or an outcaste†Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Buddhist Studies: Caste System. â€Å"). In summary to the religious beliefs, philosophies and social teachings; Buddhism provides an ultimate concept for an ultimate Power, similarly it gives the fascinating hope for ultimate destination â€Å"Nirvana† and also it maps a just society on the golden rules of equity. While Hinduism limits the ultimate concept of God to worldly figures, similarly the concept of â€Å"Reincarnation†, negates the ultimate destination; which indirectly, is the negation of God and also the caste system in it makes the life of its follower’s worldly punishment, because deprivation of basic social rights leads the people to inferiority complex. Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 2 – Verses 9,10 22†³Ã‚  Bamboo Wisdom. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http://bamboowisdom. blogspot. com   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Buddhism Hinduism, Comparative Study of Buddhism Hinduism,Compare Contrast Buddhism Hinduism. †Ã‚  Buddhist Tourism,Travel Buddhist Sites,Buddhist Tourism in India, Japan, Tibet, China. Web. 1 9 Oct. 2011. http://www. buddhist-tourism. com/buddhism/religion/buddhism-hinduism. html â€Å"Buddhist Studies: Caste System. †Ã‚  BuddhaNet – Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http://www. buddhanet. net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd53. htm. Does Hinduism Believe In Reincarnation? †Ã‚  Personal Development on a Deeper Level – Tyler Hardy. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http://www. tylerjhardy. com/tag/does-hinduism-believe-in-reincarnation. â€Å"Reincarnation – World, Body, Life, History, Beliefs, Time, Person, Human, Hinduism, Buddhism, Shiite Muslims, Judaism and Christianity, Ancient Greece, West Africa. â€Å"Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http://www. deathreference. com/Py-Se/Reincarnation. html. â€Å"South Asia – Definition | WordIQ. com. †Ã‚  Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – WordIQ Dictionary. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. â€Å"The Dhammapada: Verses and Stories.   Tipitak a Network: Bringing Dhamma Studies to You. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http://www. tipitaka. net/tipitaka/dhp/. â€Å"The Gospel of Buddha. †Ã‚  The Reluctant Messenger of Science and Religion: Science and the World’s Religions Are Pieces to a Puzzle That Need Each Other to Form a Complete Picture. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. ;http://reluctant-messenger. com/gospel_buddha/chapter_20. htm;. â€Å" Concept of god in Buddhism-by Dr. Zakir Naik† Dictionary Definitions You Can Understand – YourDictionary. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. ;http://www. yourdictionary. com;. http://saif_w. tripod. com/interfaith/general/god/inbuddhism. htm How to cite Comparison Between Hinduism and Budhism, Papers

Learning Secondary School Students In India -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Learning Secondary School Students In India? Answer: Introducation The second marketing strategy assessment of TOTO shows an outstanding performance in terms of marketing strategy. In this case, the elements of strategizing include exceptional and consistent performance; as well as effectiveness of its products. Such reasons explain why TOTOs brand being successful in the international market. However, regarding the Australian market, the fall of revenue by about 3.9% would reduce growth of plumbing industries (CIRT, 2017). As aforementioned, such trend has been realized for the past five years. On the contrary, there has been a steady growth of the construction market. Great developments have been realized in the suburbs. A steady supply of multi-unit apartments, living houses, and townhouses has been realized in developing regions as well as rural areas. Such increase in housing has led to increase in plumbing needs. The growth of construction industry together with the involvement of industries like TOTO the involvement is predicted to grow at 0. 9%. Annual revenue is also required to increase to $5.1 billion (CIRT, 2017). Extended Marketing Mix Strategies As mentioned before, this brand will rely on both construction and plumbing industries. Owing to the fact that the construction market has experienced a steady growth, the market would be lucrative for TOTO. Such is due to the fact that the need for housing is increasing leading to the need for products in line with TOTOs. Also, because changes may occur due to shift in customers needs, the demand for products is kept regular. Toto will, thus target plumbing and construction companies in Australia for survival. Central to the reason behind venturing in Australia is data showing the growth in housing industry in Australia (Managerial Accounting, 2017). Source: Graciousness Survey 2017 - Singapore Kindness Movement. From the Data above, we can establish the target market demand. In relation to the brand, market size is likely to hit $74.65b by 2020. On the same note, a growth of about 11.7% is predicted by 2020. As mentioned before, the factor to accelerate such growth is demand for housing in the rural and urban areas. For any kind of business, such growth would ensure a long term success (Hamel, 2017). Customer Development Entry into the Australian market would be difficult if categorization and identification of clients is not appropriately done. In this case, the identified clients are the plumbers and constructors. Such customers are the stepping stone that TOTO could use to gauge feedback. Plumbing and construction companies are identified because they would require the products manufactured by TOTO in their line of duty. However, the reduction in growth of plumbing industry that is currently experienced is likely to reduce the supply of products. TOTO will ensure that it establishes strong guidelines which would lead to increase in integrity, honesty, and transparency between it and its clients to realize the intended growth. The organization should ensure that: Honesty is the only policy. This would be achieved by ensuring that its agents and workers practice equality and fairness. Consistency is the way to success. By chanting the ABC mantra; which means "Always Be Closing," workers will understand that consistency leads to customer satisfaction. Workers are committed to their work. Such is because without a staff that is committed and qualified, the organization is bound to fail. TOTO will thus, require to work twenty-four seven to ensure they release products of the best quality to the market. To ensure that such is achieved, the business organization will require a proper team. Such a team would ensure that the organizations goals are achieved. The staff will have to be taught on commitment to production to boost the brand in the new market environment (Hartman, 2017). Competition and Positioning For the purpose of curbing issues related to target demand, the organization should use local agents to identify construction firms. Such individuals are required to be effective enough to ensure that a constant supply to customers is achieved. Therefore, TOTO has to re-evaluate the cost and essence of adjusting the number of agents as a way of increasing effectiveness. A consultation team will also be required. Such a team will be responsible for the firms economic analysis. For the record, this team will be responsible for ensuring the organizations financial discipline is maintained through constant supply of products. From market research, it is clear that self-concept is important for marketing activities. There are several aspects of self-concept which would ensure that the organization achieves a market breakthrough. These aspects are: Attitudes Emotions Principles Getting into the target market. To ensure that the products manufactured would touch the heart of local clients, the organization would require determine if such products would be bought or not (Hartman, 2017). With self-concept, TOTO would be able to determine if the clients believe in the products quality and would use the same. With the presence of the consultation team, the organization would be able to carry out research activities regarding the manner in which clients perceive the products against their effectiveness which would ensure constant production (Smithson, 2017). Such a move would ensure that the organization maintains potential clients. However, care is recommended due to the fragility of customer concepts of quality service. Equal and equitable treatment might, at times, lead to dissatisfaction of some clients. Considering patterns of rational behavior, such a prospect would consider standardization and attitude measurements. Such is to ensure that products produced by TOTO meet international and local Council standards (Hockett, 2017). This marketing strategy is aimed at capturing consumer behaviors influential factors. Such factors include emotion, cognitive, environmental, and cultural concerns. Strategies of marketing ensure that clients create a structure that is cognitive and concrete from the products environment concerning the offered products (Simister, 2011). Presence of competitors will also help TOTO identify ideas that are innovative (Kader, 2017). Regarding competitor companies in the market, most of them are local. As a result, diversification is not realized by the local clients. Annual reports, in the past few years have shown that the organization has massively grown. Such can be considered in the case of product sales. The organization has also acquired approximately thirty-five percent shares. For reasons such as such, TOTO has identified Australia as the most appropriate target. On the contrary, like most targets, Australia has its own barriers that hinder market entry. One of the many reasons is the fact that the plumbing industry is unstable and might hinder production. ON the other hand, the organization intends to work with local suppliers. By so doing, local competition would be curbed (Kamboj and Singh, 2015). Market Mix and Segmentation The intended Australian market is segmented into three areas. Such areas are: Geographic Demographic Behavioral Basis City Plumbing Growing Opportunity Large and Long-term projects Geographical -Urban areas of Australia -Melbourne, Sydney, Canberra, Hobart, CBD areas -Suburban areas of Australia -Dandenong, Frankston, Paramatta, Hornsby -Developing Regions -Ballarat, Geelong, Tasmania Suburbs Demographic -Small family size usually 2 to 4 family members -Single house owners -Small and beautiful -Applicants working in the city and mainly professionals who are employed -Volume residential home builders -Normal family size usually 3 and above -House builders who rent their property -Applicants of which many are employed and some are unemployed like the old age people -Custom home builders -People with average family size -Farm owners and builders -Basic need workers usually self employed -Custom home builders Behavioural -Housing industry changes rapidly with fast going development works -More renovation and house customisation -High loyalty -High quality service and product life in effective price -Sober design and living finishes -New market emerging -Few renovations -High expectations -Superior quality product in effective price -Expect something unique -Expensive tastes -Housing market in these regions growing with slow pace -Accurate quality -Price to product definers -High loyalty and service quality -Old is gold BCG Matrix This BCG matrix will assess TOTOs strengths regarding products against the future and history of local organizations (Monash in this case). We shall use the shares of the two companies against their growth as shown in the chat below. BCG Matrix TOTO Monash Relative Market Share 100 56 Market Growth 30 46 Competitor Size 800 700 Share 32% 18% Rest of Market 68% 82% Market mix is about having the correct geographical setting, right products, or proper place, time, and price. Product Australian plumbing and construction companies need quality products. To ensure that such demand is met, the organization needs to meet such a requirement to achieve market penetration. TOTOs marketers will have to create a product mix that would ensure that the requirements of Australian customers are met (Kampung, 2017). Price The most important aspect of a market mix is product price. The price set by the organization should ensure that it makes profits and also survives in the new market. Place The definition of a good product mix is determined by distribution. By situating itself in Australia, the organization is positioning itself in the required target market. The marketers will thus, have to understand the location of the market within the target area (Kaplan, 2017). Promotion Because the promotion of products is vital, marketers need to use the same ideology to boost brand recognition and sales. Conclusion From both assessments, it is clear that the brand will rely on both construction and plumbing industries. However, because the construction market has experienced a steady growth, the market would be lucrative for TOTO (Lombardo, 2017). On the same note, since changes may occur due to shift in customers needs, the demand for products is kept regular. The organization will, thus target plumbing and construction companies in Australia for survival. Contrarily, self-concept would help the organization determine if the clients believe in the products quality and would use the same. Having a consultation team would enable the organization to carry out research activities regarding the manner in which clients perceive the products against their effectiveness which would ensure constant production. Such would ensure that TOTO maintains potential clients. However, equal and equitable treatment might, at times, lead to dissatisfaction of some clients. Regarding patterns of rational behavior, such a prospect would consider standardization and attitude measurements. Such is to ensure that products produced by TOTO meet international and local Council standards (Shah, 2017). Reference CIRT (2017) Components of a Research Paper - Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching. [online] Cirt.gcu.edu. Available at: https://cirt.gcu.edu/research/developmentresources/tutorials/researchpaper [Accessed 25 January 2018] Graciousness Survey (2017) Graciousness Survey 2017 - Singapore Kindness Movement. [online] Singapore Kindness Movement. Available at: https://kindness.sg/blog/2017/06/27/graciousness-survey-2017/[Accessed 25 January 2018] Hamel, G (2017) Example of a Business Contingency Plan. [online] Smallbusiness.chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/example-business-contingency-plan-12292.html [Accessed 25 January 2018] Hartman, D. (2017) What Is Strategic Capability?. [online] Smallbusiness.chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/strategic-capability-15828.html [Accessed 20 May 2017]. Hockett, K (2017) 5 Tips for Making Group Work Manageable. [online] Edutopia. Available at: https://www.edutopia.org/blog/tips-making-group-work-manageable-kristina-doubet-jessica-hockett [Accessed 25 January 2018] Kader, M. (2017) Strategic Management (StratMgt). Open2study.com. Available at https://www.open2study.com/courses/strategic-management [Accessed 20 May 2017]. Kamboj, P. Singh, S. K. (2015) Effectiveness of Selected Teaching Strategies in Relation to the Learning Styles of Secondary School Students in India. [online] Interchange. Available at: https://link.springer.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/article/10.1007%2Fs10780-015-9253-7 [Accessed 25 January 2018] Kampung, W. (2017) The Science of the 5Gs. [online] WOW Kampung. Available at: https://wowkampung.com/5gs/science/ [Accessed 25 January 2018] Kaplan (2017) Critical success factors and core competencies. [online] Kfknowledgebank.kaplan.co.uk. Available at: https://kfknowledgebank.kaplan.co.uk/KFKB/Wiki%20Pages/Critical%20success%20factors%20and%20core%20competences.aspx [Accessed 20 May 2017]. Lombardo, J. (2017) Walmart: Organizational Structure Organizational Culture - Panmore Institute. [online] Panmore Institute. Available at: https://panmore.com/walmart-organizational-structure-organizational-culture [Accessed 25 January 2018] Shah, M. (2017) 3 Different Ways to Structure Quality In Your Company. [online] Blog.lnsresearch.com. Available at: https://blog.lnsresearch.com/bid/172874/3-different-ways-to-structure-quality-in-your-company [Accessed 25 January 2018] Simister, P. (2011) Ansoff Growth Matrix Four Ways To Grow A Business. [online] Differentiate your business. Available at: https://www.differentiateyourbusiness.co.uk/ansoff-growth-matrix-four-ways-to-grow-a-business [Accessed 25 January 2018]. Smithson, N. (2017) Googles Organizational Structure Organizational Culture - Panmore Institute. [online] Panmore Institute. Available at: https://panmore.com/google-organizational-structure-organizational-culture [Accessed 25 January 2018]

Women In Shakespeare Essays - The Taming Of The Shrew, Fiction

Women In Shakespeare Women in Shakespeare Often in literature, parallels are used to accentuate certain things. William Shakespeare utilizes this tool in both The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream. In both of these comedic plays, there is a set of women who are at odds with each other. These relationships can be compared and contrasted in different aspects. In Shakespeare's, The Taming of the Shrew the relationship between the sisters Katherine and Bianca appears to be strained with rampant jealousy. Both daughters fight for the attentions of their father. In twisted parallel roles, they take turns being demure and hag-like. Father of the two, Baptista Minola, fusses with potential suitors for young Bianca and will not let them come calling until his elder, ill-tempered daughter Katherine is married. The reader is to assume that meek, mild-mannered, delicate Bianca is wasting away while her much older, aging, brutish sister torments the family with her foul tongue. Katherine seems to hold resentment toward Bianca. Her father favors Bianca over Katherine and keeps them away from eachothers' torment. When gentlemen come calling, Bianca cowers behind her father and Katherine speaks up for herself. I pray you sir, is it your will to make a stale of me amongst these mates? (1.1.57-58) Bianca and Katherine dislike each other feverishly. Katherine torments Bianca with words and physical harm. She binds her hands, pulls her hair then brings her forth to her father and the gentlemen callers. Bianca denies liking any of the visitors and portrays herself an innocent that merely wants to learn and obey her elders. She says, Sister, content you in my discontent to your pleasure humbly I subscribe. My books and instruments shall be my company, on them to look and practise by myself. (1.1.80-84) Because Katherine speaks freely and asserts herself she is labeled as shrewish. When Hortensio describes her to Petruccio, he spouts that she is renowned in Padua for her scolding tongue. ( 1.2.96) He gilds the lily further by explicitly telling of her fair fortune if suitable man comes courting and wins her hand in marriage. Petruccio sees dollar signs and rushes forth in grand dress and eloquent mannerisms to court the gracious Kate. When he first begins his ritual of winning the family and Katherine to his love, he is seeking his fortune in her dowry. The mention of her being at all undesirable does not put rocks in his path. He speaks of One rich enough to be Petruccio's wife, as wealth is burden of my wooing dance be she as foul as was Florentius' love, as old as Sibyl, and as curst and shrewd as Socrates' Xanthippe or a worse, she moves me not or not removes at least affection's edge in me, were she as rough as are the swelling Adriatic Seas. (1.2.65-71) Petruccio comes calling for the older sister, and Bianca in turn sneaks about with Lucentio who is dressed in scholars clothing. They pretend to be working on Latin and fool her father with disguises and books while romancing the entire time. Katherine is honest in her words and deeds. She does not wish to be teased or tormented and flees from Petruccio's twisted words. Kate and Bianca trade roles at this time and the dainty, controlled sister is Kate. The bolder, out-spoken Bianca woos her Lucentio in t he courtyard of the Minola home. At the Sunday wedding gathering of Petruccio and Katherine, the groom grabs the reins of control and demands that he and his bride leave the festivities before they have begun. He offers Bianca and Lucentio the bedroom and party that they must leave behind. This symbolizes the transfer of attitude in the two sisters. Kate has to follow her new husband out of the home and leaves Bianca free roam over the wedding party. When the sisters are brought together again, it is at the wedding festivities of Bianca and Lucentio as well as the Widow and Hortensio. Katherine is called a shrew yet again by the Widow and Bianca flirts openly with Petruccio. The three new brides leave the dining table and make for the sitting room with the other women. The three men are left to discussion and after

Perception essays

Perception essays Question: In order to find out how things really are, one must understand the filters through which one perceives the world. To a large extent, I agree to the statement that in order to find out how things really are, one must understand the filters through which one perceives the world. Filters are mediums through which one view or perceive the world as. They are windows through which individuals view their world, and make conclusions about the world around them. In order for one to think, they have to go though this filters, mediums that analyze their thoughts and therefore give them ideas that form in their heads. However, the thoughts that filter through these certain mediums are ones that may take place subconsciously in an individual every time he thinks. One may not necessary understand the filters through which one perceives the world in order to find out how things really are. One, however, may fully grasp the understanding of these filters in order to perceive the world more clearly and thus make more accurate perceptions of reality. It would be necessary for us to know these filters in order for our thoughts, our perceptions to be more analyzed and structured. Thus I would like to highlight certain filters in order for us to understand what filters are and what are their roles in our perception. Language is one that plays an important role in our everyday analysis of things. As one may say that language is a core filter through which other filters may follow. Perhaps without language, one may not be even able to perceive the world. Pictures and sounds may still be forms of languages, thus without words, sound and pictures, it would be almost impossible to think our perception without these three essential forms of language. If one sees and observe an object, he would be unable to make any analysis of what he is seeing and observing. This suggests that nothing is going through his head as he looks at the object. There ...

Potential Output of Bulgaria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Potential Output of Bulgaria - Research Paper Example The study of potential output involves, therefore, the study of GDP, inflation rate and the period during which such economic indicators moved substantially and closely in relation to each other. Potential GDP basically used to measure economy's productive capacity. Although potential output measures the productive capacity of the economy, it cannot be told as a technical ceiling on output that cannot be exceeded. So it is better to say it is a measure of sustainable output, in which the intensity of resource use is neither adding to nor subtracting from inflationary Pressure. If the actual GDP raises more than potential output (or when GDP Gap is positive) then the constraints on the productive capacity start to bind and the inflation tends to increase. Likewise if the potential output raises more than actual GDP (or when GDP Gap is negative) then the resources remain idle and inflation tends to decrease. The difference between potential output and actual output is known as GDP Gap. The potential output helps an economy to equate their unemployment rate to Non Accelerating Inflation Rate Natural Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU). Further it helps to make inflation projections, assess the government budget, set interest rate and provides a medium term baseline that allows the policy makers to have a medium term focus. Bulgaria, is a communist country that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, has accomplished able advance back an above bread-and-butter abatement in 1996. Successive governments accept approved charge to bread-and-butter reforms and amenable budgetary planning, but accept bootless so far to rein in ascent aggrandizement and ample accepted annual deficits (Economy Overview, n. d.). After having enough knowledge about the Potential Output the paper attempts to study about the potential output in Bulgarian economy. The Bulgarian economy was formerly a communist country before it joined the European Union on January 1st 2007 (World Bank, 2003). The economy has become now much stronger after the major economic downturn in 1996. The successive governments of the economy continued to implement measures in order to sustain stable economic growth and overcome unemployment problems. But it failed to resolve the problems of inflation and large current deficits. The measures introduced were mainly targeted to reduce corporate and individual taxes, curtailing corruption and attracting foreign investment. The economy in October 2002 was declared as Functioning Market Economy by the European Commission because of its significant progress. According to the reports of World Bank, in 2006 Bulgaria succeeded to achieve the highest levels of foreign direct investment, as a share of GDP, among Eastern European countries. But the growing current-account deficit (21.5% of GDP at the end of 2007) and excessive reliance on foreign capital inflow made the economy to depend upon external shocks. Moreover the international financial crisis led to a new flow of investment which could barely cover the current-account deficit in 2007--at 98.2%. The Bulgarian government in 1997 in order to attract additional foreign investment, it lowered corporate tax rates to 10%, which was reported as the lowest rate in Europe (Economy

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Reflection - Essay Example In such a way, this author will define forgiveness within the organizational context as not only understanding that what was done had unexpected/unintended outcomes but also realizing that people are only human and that such situations occur within life. Additionally, this brief essay will also try to show the ways in which forgiveness within the organization is able to benefit overall efficiency, trust, and further realization of human nature. Finally, the essay will point to two distinct ways in which the ethical leader can try to instill the ideas of love, forgiveness, or trust within the organization, business, family or community. The first benefit that trust and forgiveness can have with regards to an organization is with respect to the greater level of stakeholder appreciation and buy in that it can affect. In such a way, an individual who is a member of an organization that puts a high level of emphasis upon trust and forgiveness will begin to understand that the culture of t his organization and/or business prizes these aspects above personal ego or profitability. All too often in the business world, profitability takes the lead role and other aspects or ethics fall by the wayside. However, if an organization shows that they comprise these aspects, the individual stakeholders will also come to appreciate them as well as. An obvious secondary benefit is with regards to the way in which forgiveness and trust emphasizes and appreciation within the organization that no one is perfect and all can make mistakes. This may seem as something quite obvious, however, by engaging in trust and forgiveness within the culture and human resource practices of an organization, community, or family, a culture of human understanding develops that does not place any ego above error. All too often, individuals within the higher structure of an organization or community set themselves up to have something of an infallible approach. The final level of benefit is with regards t o efficiency. Due to the fact that fewer feelings are hurt and fewer frustrations and anger is exhibited, it is possible for a far greater level of work to be accomplished without personal differences or frustrations aggravating the way in which work takes place. Although it cannot be said that the incorporation of a culture of trust and forgiveness means that full efficiency will be realized, it is an extremely helpful than that by which an organization, community, or family can help to encourage further efficiency without sacrificing any form of ethics or personal rights. With regards to two ways that an ethical leader can hope to encourage a greater level of trust and forgiveness within an organization, community, or family, it must be understood that these are primarily leading by example and by attempting to promote a culture of forgiveness and trust from the top down. Leaders from all organizations have understood throughout management experience that regardless of the level o f controls or guidelines that they engage their employees/stakeholders with, these are all but useless unless leadership by example is engaged. In short, even if a firm has a very solid human resources Department and a good product or service that they are offering, the level to which truth and forgiveness can be encouraged within this entity will be all but nonexistent if this same process is not engaged and shown to be appreciated from

Fishikawa Diagrams Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fishikawa Diagrams - Assignment Example Being a manufacturing company running business in the manufacturing industry, the company identified five elements of the cause and effect diagram. Each major component of the Fishikawa diagram had various other root causes enumerated below. First, the team identified materials. In this category, we had the shrinking of materials, poor tensioning of the screens, and applying poor squeeging. The environment comes in as the second of the components on the list. Having ambient heat lets the drier temperatures getting out of control as well as failed organization becoming difficult to spot among the products. The method of executing various processes in the company also entailed issues. The team discovered that the current problem was very clear and everyone knew it is big. The company lacked standard process of addressing any issue because the procedure remained vague with scanty details. Among the known problems, the trying temperatures remained all-time high and excessive pressure coming from the squeeze. Lack of standard process constitutes inadequate details on the procedure, too much concentration on inspection raising questions on its fitness, and having machines in the production sector running at a high speed. Deficiencies emanating from the work force include failing to empower the employees to own the production and the business through motivation, allocation of authority, and other ways of increasing commitment. Additional problems from people are questions of resources, increased tension among staffs to deal with all assigned duties, and insufficient appropriate skills. The last element among major causes is machines. Every major constituent of the cause and effect diagram had various other root causes enumerated below. First, the team identified materials. In this category, we had the shrinking of materials, poor tensioning of the screens, and applying poor squeeging. The temperatures from the driers remain

Effect Of Mass Media In Democracy Development Sociology Essay

Effect Of Mass Media In Democracy Development Sociology Essay Media exists everywhere through TV, Internet, newspapers and radio, each one adds a lot to our societys attention.   This research may help to understand the impact that media has on the peoples political participation, knowledge and orientations, more exclusively in the developing democracies, while offering a theoretical framework to comprehend the nature and the role of political communication gaps within consolidating democracy across high contextual social differences. The following essay presents a critical account for a research study titled: MEDIA USE, DEMOCTARTIC CITIZINSHIP AND COMMUNICATION GAPS IN A DEVELOPING DEMOCRACY, which was written by Erik C. Nisbet and published in the International Journal of public Opinion Research Vol.20 No.4 in winter 2008. The writer follows number of stages in writing his research, now; this essay is an attempt to build a scientific and academic analysis for stages, procedures adopted in it, and also, it will highlight the positive and negative aspects of the methods and methodologies which the researcher used such as; survey and interviews, in addition, the essay will go through the objectivity of both, the research and the researcher. Research papers overview This research is titled MEDIA USE, DEMOCTARTIC CITIZINSHIP AND COMMUNICATION GAPS IN A DEVELOPING DEMOCRACY which talks about the the relationship between mass media use and democratic citizenship within a developing democracy. The writer applied a survey conducted in the West African nation of Mali, where he examined the relationship between forms of media use and the obtained amount of political knowledge, participation and socializations. The survey pointed out that socially privileged groups benefitted more in political knowledge, participation and socializations than the other dissident groups (Nisbet, 2008) by the mass media use , finally ; the researcher ended up arguing some implication of the results for understanding the importance of mass media in democratization process(Nisbet, 2008) . Furthermore, the writer referred to the topic of democratic movement which offers for citizen to participate in political decision-making as long as an environment of press freedom and m edia penetration is secured. On the other hand; the writer encouraged the concept of democratic citizenship and its association with mass media use, also he talked about the obstacles which confront the nascent stages nations which witness a regression in terms of socio-economic development, differentiation and stratification. All these factors emerged communication gaps which influenced the democratization process. The research stressed on two general categories: the first one is the functionalist role which states how well mass media strengthens and enhances the basic functions and practices of participatory democracy is the key factor of the successful democratic consolidation. The second one is the regulatory role which shows mass media as an institutional and normative role which regulates some norms through socialization or through the threat of coercion or both to keep social integrity .In other words, the mass media may reinforce social democratic change by keeping the integ rity of the society while transition or change takes place rather than leading it but this role may emerge some challenges due to the traditional political institutions. In this sense, Huntingtons (1991) view about the gradual democratization within developing democracies which is the optimal level. Temin and Smiths (2002) studied the role of the mass media in Ghanas 2000 election is an illustrative example. The researcher assured, depending on the original knowledge gaps hypothesis, the importance of the increasing information acquired from the mass media within the members of the society in higher and lower socio-economic level, without any indication that the relationship between them is directly proportional but the amount of the knowledge acquired by the higher socio-economic strata is greater. This hypothesis reformulated to be restated as communication gaps arent limited to any particular type of mass media or differential gains in knowledge(Nisbet, 2008) but it impacts indiv idual behavior or attitudes just like what the political science added to what is mentioned before that the information individual receives from the mass media influences the attitudes of people based upon pre-existing belief, interest, motivation, or knowledge. Mass media use strengthens democratic citizenship by socializing especially the dissident social groups into a common, dominant political worldview which maintains social hierarchy and regime stability, which contribute in fostering the Democratic consolidation. The writer cited four definitions of the Democratic consolidation which calls for a high amount of public awareness of democratic political practices and high commitment to democratic norms, value and culture, towards long term probability of achieving the democratic consolidation as the study mentioned. Some causes of communication gaps are classified as individual, structural and cultural factors which are related to the individuals education attainment, gender which are the dominant indicators , socio-psychological factors, socio-economic status , community structure or the nature of the mass media itself and beliefs which all lead to differential gains in political knowledge acquisition. For example, some social or cultural societies may collectively estimate specific kind of knowledge more than other cultural or social societies, therefore; communication gaps emerge. Moreover, the researcher mentioned several supportive and contrastive points of view about the causes of communication gaps. Finally, the researchs discussion concentrated on the association between media use and democratic citizenship, as the table drawn below Radio Television Newspaper Political knowledge *Theres association Theres association **Theres no association Table () *Radio in developing states has disproportional role in educating the community ** It has association between beyond the educated respondents although its not the only variants which affect the amount of knowledge gained. Note: no media use is associated with democratic orientation which contrast with what is stated that radio use is associated unexpectedly with socialization into democratic norms and ideals among lower educated, rural, ethnic minority citizens who have more traditional political values. And also mentions, Implication for understanding the causes of communication gaps. The writer sums up with, the topic of Normative implication of political communication gaps in developing democracies which has been just clarified at the beginning of the analysis and which is viewed of two interfering arguments according to democratization and equality of participation in democracies. The first theory the development first proposes that the starting point for sustainable democracy is prerequisited by economic and social modernization. The contrast theory the democracy first suggests that economic and social modernization isnt necessarily a prerequisite for democracy, like Malis case, according to World Bank Governance Indicators says that its the poorest countries in Africa but it relatively realizes high degree of sustained democratization. Therere several perspectives about both theories were uttered by some investigators the research is referred to in detail. To conclude, our Scholar broadens a little bit to another topic which is whether the communication gaps and the inequalities in democratic participation may threaten the concept of democracy in developing state? Or can keeping the political stability through inequality of participation during the transition to correct it afterward once the democratic consolidating is obtained. The answer of this question Paves the way for further theoretical work on how media, political inequality, and political outcomes are associated within developing democracies, as well as how these relationships may evolve as developing democracies consolidate and develop. Methodology In the researching field, methodology is seen as the approaches, applications, methods, procedures and strategies which are used to reach any scientific knowledge (Tayraukham, 2009). So as a result, different questions in the research demand different approaches to answer these questions in a way that offers help to the readers and the seekers of knowledge (Dawson, 2002). Methodologies in the academic research could be either quantitative, qualitative or a mix of them both. Or it can be considered as the design of the research that was used in order to come up with as proved results as could be without engaging into the fault of changing data or facts. The methodology could be either quantitative through using the questionnaire, pre-test / post-test and the survey method. On the other hand, the qualitative nature of the research involves interviews with the participants of the study, observing a specific phenomenon or taking into account a specific case study. The methods of the study Considering that the study is quantitative and qualitative in its approach, the tools (methods) used in collecting the data of the study were a survey to be implemented between January 3 and January 27,2001 on the experimental Malian group with total sample size of 2089 accompanied by face to face personal interview of citizens 17 years old or older , of both urban and rural areas in the respondents native language and questionnaires directed for the interviewees which were used in order to Measure public opinion and behaviours democracy and track the evolution of such attitudes in selected nation over time Furthermore, the analyses depends on the a hierarchal ordinary least squares ( OLS) regression model which penetrated by number of exogenous variable; such as,individual-level socio-structural characteristics (urban/rural resident, age, language group, gender, education, and yearly income) , followed by antecedent endogenous variables; just like, measures of interest and efficacy, media use, political discussion, civic participation, political knowledge, and political participation. Each subsequent blocks of the variable accounted for by the equation was scaled with the incremental R2 and the sum of the series of incremental R2 is referred to as the cumulative R2 (Cohen Cohen, 2002). Then, we can notice from the result of the survey that the interaction (communication gaps) were found between certain mass media use and some blocks of variables. (You can get back to see them in details on the section of method, interaction results) The positive and negative aspects of the approach Here in this paragraph, Ill mention the positive and negative traits of employing a survey in this research: MEDIA USE , DEMOCTARTIC CITIZINSHIP AND COMMUNICATION GAPS IN A DEVELOPING DEMOCRACY . According to Patrick Parnaby ( 2006), the positive aspects of surveys are the effective design of the Survey which is crucial to get the information you need easily and provide an approximately extensive data with credible results, they are tractable, he also added that surveys act as the finger on the pulse of your project and can measure its strength. They can measure the change during the time especially when we apply a pre-test against post-test just like the Malian political transition so , by the conducted survey we become able to measure the conversion of democratic citizenship before and after the change, and also the surveys can ensure the Coherent set of data because all respondents have exactly the same questions in precisely the same way and also during an interview, the interviewer can explore urge themes in depth, as he didnt notice before. The negative aspects of implementing a survey are the traditional options for survey data collection which are expensive, needs hard resources, such as paper copies of a survey pencils, and challenging to manage which requires patience of the sample who are ready to move on to the next phase of the survey, and also, a survey only collects information about the questions Required. In addition to all that, we will not be completely sure of the objectivity of questionnaire data, the individuals who are asked may be biased towards themselves and dont answer as correct as the reality of themselves. HR-Survey recommends that if we want a successful survey, it must be written in a Simple Language and short, simple questions, be clear and direct and also you have to avoid errors in spelling, grammar and usage, and Keep the scales in the same direction. Our scholar, Erik C. Nisbet ,follows Likert Scales survey method which is lists of statements which offers a 5-point or 6-point scale as the participant can assess his/her level of agreement or disagreement with the statement. Objectivity in relation to the broader aims of the article Sociologist, Michael Schudson, debates that the belief in objectivity is a faith in facts, distrust in values, and a commitment to their segregation. Journalistic objectivity is identified as equity, indifference and  disaffiliation to any party, yet the writer most likely has to encompass all of these qualities. There is a relationship between the terms Validity Reliability and Objectivity. The researcher stats his objectivity in the study where he doesnt mention his point of view or the viewpoints of his nations law about the effect of mass media use at the democratic citizenship in his land and other developing democracies, like, Mali . Nevertheless, he appears a little bias  to the idea that mass media use is effective in elevating the level of individuals democratic citizenship not as he thinks but as the results show. Neither does he comment supportively nor contrarily to Malis case, he only displays the data without deformation of the original one and conducts a survey as he protects respondents privacy without telling anything about them as we observe during reading the article. According to the Objectivity rules of Dr Frances Nelson, assumption 1 leads us to turn into the clarity and correctness of the analytic data, and also theory 3 Scientific method talks about being disinterestedness with the topic you are writing about guarantee your objectivity which both were shown in Erik C. Nisbets research. In this article, the objectivity of the researcher is obvious which refutes what Dr Frances Nelson said that the researcher and his subjectivity cant be separated. Validity is the level of conformity between the results the reality. This clearly appears in the research when the writer states the effect of several mass media on the individuals political knowledge, participation and socialization into the norms and value of democracy in the developing democracies and how the citizens have different orientations toward political democratic tendencies regarding to several variables. Reliability is the measurement has to be credible and keep the same answers of the Malian persons who take the survey. As we see in the data of survey that the measure of democratic political orientations has low level of reliability because the democratic orientation and understanding of democracy in the developing countries are evolving ,and from the writers information doesnt mention any unrelated news about Mali, such as roles, habits and environment that he didnt find appealing. To conclude, the subjectivity objectivity contrast each other. The use of one of them or both depends on the topic of the research, the researchers personality, the mass public which the research directed to. If the writer decide to utilize them, it must be useful for his study. Erik C. Nisbet makes use of his objectivity to enable the reader concentrates on the main topic more than on the researchers point of view. Conclusion Through reading the previous essay, one can observe that study examines the effect of mass media on the citizens political knowledge, participation and their socialization with the norms and values of democratic within developing democracies, e.g. Mali where some interactions were found like communication gaps by several causes and variables just like I mentioned before in the nascent stages polities. As we can deduce, Mali realized a higher level of democratizations than many other nascent polities, though it had relatively different levels of economic development. Then, we can observe also that the study on Mali, lower state degree of linguistic groups than other developing states, doesnt indicate sufficient information about communication gaps. Not only does the communication gaps vary according to the change of political and social conditions (national context), but also we have to be aware of how the change takes place over time and of the level of democratization and political transition. Referances : Erik C. Nesbit . (2008). MEDIA USE, DEMOCTARTIC CITIZINSHIP AND COMMUNICATION GAPS IN A DEVELOPING DEMOCRACY: International Journal of public Opinion Research Vol.20 No.4. HR-Survey, 2008. Retrieved from   (http://www.hrsurvey.com/ItemConstruction.htm) Questionnaire Design. Retrieved from. (http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751-97-winter/Topic/quest-design/ Patrick Parnaby. (2006). Evaluation through surveys. Retrieved from http://www.idea.org/blog/2006/04/01/evaluation-through-surveys/ Dr Frances Nelson. The problem of objectivity Subjectivity. Tayraukham, S (2009). Academic Ethics in Research Methodology :Journal of social sciences, vol. 4 ,No. 6 , pp. 573-577 Dawson, Catherine. (2002). Practical Research Methods:  New Delhi, UBS Publishers Distributors.

Erik Erikson’s Stages of Child Development Essay -- Human Developmental

Erik Erikson presented eight stages of human development, which last throughout an entire life-span. Throughout each developmental stage, each developmental task presents a catastrophe for the individual. Erikson defined catastrophe as â€Å"a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential† (Santrock 73). Each of Erikson’s developmental stages is presented in such a way that the negatives and positives are clearly defined. Although there are eight developmental stages, five pertain to a child’s development. The first stage, which occurs during the first year of life, is labeled as trust versus mistrust. Trust is developed when the caregiver is nurturing which gives the child a feel of comfort. When a child receives positive care giving, the child will then trust his or her caregiver, providing beneficial development. However, when a child does not receive positive care giving then mistrust develops. When a child reaches the ages of one to three years old, the stage the child experiences is autonomy versus shame and doubt. When a child or infant gains trust in his or her caregiver, they realize that their behavior is their own (cccc73). At this stage, infants are discovering and learning new concepts and tasks daily. Since learning and independence is important at this age, restraint by the parents can hinder development and cause the child to feel a sense of shame or doubt. As a child enters her or his preschool years, Erikson’s third stage becomes present which is initiative ve rsus guilt. During this stage, children are developing socially and â€Å"need to engage in active, purposeful behavior that involves initiative† (Santrock 74). With a greater social world comes greater responsibility especially behavior ... ...roblems with independence and self-control. Children raised in a neglectful setting are not motivated by achievement so academically they may suffer. Indulgent parenting is the final type of parenting, in which parents are extremely involved in a child’s life but few limitations are set into place. Due to very little limitation and great amounts of parental involvement a child is more apt to be creative and independent but suffers socially and lacks the ability to maintain self-control (78). The types of parenting commonly used, influence students greatly in both positive and negative ways. Each parenting style has its drawbacks however a happy balance of involvement and control leads to a child that is socially competent and well-rounded. Works Cited Santrock, John W. Life-span Development. Twelve ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009. Print.

The Glass Menagerie Role Of Laura English Literature Essay

The function that Laura played in The Glass Menagerie can non be overlooked as it contributed to the development of the overall subject of the book. The drama is based on the battles that worlds face in accepting world as this is the major subject of the book and Laura Wingfield is one character in the drama that had jobs accepting the challenges that life presented her with. Laura was described as a physically handicapped miss and she had troubles in accepting the world of her status ( Williams ) . Laura wanted a life that was better and would hold loved it, if she was non in the sort of state of affairs she found herself in. Though, it could be argued that, Laura did non truly play a outstanding function in the drama, but the fact remains that, the secret plan and the subjects of the drama are centered on her. Some of the symbols that lend acceptance to the importance of Laura to the overall subject of the drama are the glass unicorn, bluish roses, fire flight and the rubric of the narrative as these symbols represents the character of Laura. Laura could non come to footings with world and this is the ground that she was described as populating a slightly illusional life style in The Glass Menagerie. Due to the challenges and jobs she was faced with, Laura preferred to remain in her comfort zone and she lived in an illusional universe. Laura ‘s life was full of semblances as she lived in what could be described as a universe of glass animate beings. It is this trouble of accepting world that really bonds the Wingfield household together, as each one of them, Tom, Amanda and Laura at one point in clip, had jobs get bying with the worlds of life and its many challenges ( Williams 16-25 ) . Laura could be described as a unit of ammunition nog that suits a unit of ammunition hole as the illusional universe of glass animate beings that she lived is merely a clear representation of the existent universe that was described in the drama. This could be seen in the fact that, the people in the drama tend to deduce more satisfaction in phantasies instead than existent events. Laura created an semblance that is a representation of her inability to accept world as she fantasized about a glass ball ( of glass animate beings ) and a group of people waltzing in the Paradise Dance Hall ( Williams ) . The Glass Menagerie clearly showed that, semblances and worlds inability to accept world has become the norm in our society and Laura absolutely fits into this type of illusional universe. Harmonizing to Williams Laura ‘s fond regard to the glass universe she created is seen when â€Å" there is a ting of shattering glass. Laura cries out as if wounded. † ( qtd in Bloom 38 ) The troubles that Laura faced in accepting world could be traced to her glass menagerie, which was a aggregation of wild animate beings and this is really the chief symbol in The Glass Menagerie. This menagerie represents the illusional universe of Laura in its entirety. It is a universe that is notional and anachronic, but based on the phantasies of Laura. Laura devotes more of her clip to this illusional creative activity of hers and she is merely an illustration of people that, instead than confront the worlds of life, they prefer populating a life of phantasies that does non truly be in the existent universe. The aggregation of animate beings that Laura created was borne out of the defeat and her trouble in accepting the world that, she did non finish high school, she was crippled, and that she could non acquire the love that she desired. It could so be argued that, Laura created her ain universe of glass animate beings to get away from a universe that she felt did non in any man ner favour her. As a consequence of the crippling of one leg that made it shorter than the other, Williams explains that, â€Å" Steming from this, Laura ‘s separation additions till she is like a piece of her ain glass aggregation excessively finely delicate to travel from the shelf. † ( qtd. In Bloom 11 ) . A symbol that appears in the inventive universe of Laura is the glass unicorn and the fact that she used the unicorn merely shows the inexistent universe that Laura lives in. Unicorns are nonextant animals and the visual aspect of a unicorn in Laura ‘s glass menagerie shows that, merely like the unicorn that is nonextant and different from other Equus caballuss, Laura lived an unusual life and was different from other people. Williams says of Laura that, â€Å" the lovely breakability of glass which is her image. † ( qtd. in Bloom 26 ) . Due to the fact that, Laura saw herself different from other people, she lived a alone life and it could besides be said that, she forced herself into being unable to accommodate to the universe and people around her. In position of this fact, it could so be argued that, Laura ‘s trouble in accepting world made her to populate like an castaway. The blue rose is another symbol in the drama that shows Laura ‘s unusual and unrealistic nature. Blue Roses was the name given to Laura by Jim and it symbolizes Laura ‘s unusual but attractive quality. It is pertinent to observe that, bluish roses do non be in the existent universe and the fact that, Jim relates Laura with Blue Roses lets readers know that, Jim besides realized the unrealistic nature of Laura. Another incident that is worthy of note in the book was when Laura slipped on the fire flight in the 4th scene and this shows that, Laura was unable to get away from the hard state of affairs in her life. The drama lacked pragmatism in its entirety as this fact was established by the narrator-character, Tom. The fact that Laura was non realistic in her ideas underlines the importance of her character to the subject of the drama. The abstractionism in the drama could be seen in the assorted sorts of symbols that were used in the drama and Laura was one character that lived a life of semblances

Sin is Bad

Sin is Bad Sin is Bad Sin is Bad By Maeve Maddox In response to a recent post, several readers commented that the word sin has some connection to an archery term for missing the mark. The connection is a tenuous one. The Greek word hamartia can mean missing the mark in the sense that an arrow misses its target. Aristotle used the word in Poetics to mean error that could include mere accident or mistake. In the context of Greek drama, hamartia is the heros tragic flaw. It can be an injury committed through ignorance. The English word sin, on the other hand, has its roots in proto-Germanic and has always been associated with guilt, crime, and wrong-doing. When the Greek books of the New Testament were written, Christians were using the word hamartia to mean moral flaw and it was in that sense that it was translated into English as sin. So, while hamartia can mean an accidental lapse, or missing the mark, in English sin is sin and sin is bad. Here are some quotations from newspapers: of Afghanistan’s top scholars, killing 14 people shortly after the gathering had declared such suicide attacks a sin (www.wsj.com) message seems certain to rankle conservatives. Francis described man’s destruction of the environment as a sin and accused mankind of turning the planet into a â€Å"polluted wasteland full of debris, desolation and filth†. (www.theguardian.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†Types of Ignorance

Inferring Freedom And Equality Essays - Libertarian Theory

Inferring Freedom And Equality Essays - Libertarian Theory Inferring Freedom and Equality Many of Earth?s organisms and processes depend on each other to survive the natural world. First of all, freedom, or "forced to be free," and equality presuppose each other in some instances, but sometimes they are interdependent. For example, if you look into the lower class, people within that class are equal among others in that class. Also, they have freedom inside the boundaries of their status quo. As the view broadens to the whole society, that certain class loses some of its freedom and equality to the aristocracy. In this example, the amount of freedom and equality you receive all depends on money and power. Wealth corrupts the balance of freedom and equality between the social classes in the nation. In all, everyone in a legitimate society has some equality and freedom, however, the how much you get relies on where you stand in the social triangle. In every valid government, every citizen has freedom of their basic rights, but the sense of equality will never be distributed equally between them. This problem is constantly going to true because of the definition of general will: an individual has to alienate some of his natural rights to join the body politic. Therefore, power is distributed to the government, and the people of the nation are not equal. One person will always have power over another. If everyone was equal, chaos would break out into the world, because when nobody governs or rules the citizens, they can do whatever they please. Freedom is preferred in the society rather than equality. A person with freedom would have most rights in the Constitution, but a person with equality would live in a chaotic society, because there is no governing house. Altogether, the presence of freedom and equality together differs with the scope of the condition. America?s concepts of freedom and equality have varied over the course of its history. When the American government was new, only white male property owners had total use of the Constitution?s given rights. Early America also exercised the idea of slavery, where the master and slave relationship exist. But as an intolerance against slavery grew, the masters were forced by the Union to change their illegitimate system to a more legitimate system. This newly built system resulted in all males, property owner or not, having privileges to all rights in the Bill of Rights and the American Constitution. But this method still leaves out a single group of people, women, from the concept of freedom. Also in America, the "separate but equal" issue rose to the surface of controversy over the topic of freedom. All these examples demonstrate where freedom is non-existent to all people in the nation. They also display the same idea of freedom within the private will, but that freedo! m is surrendered to the general will to support a legitimate government. In some cases in the American history, some citizens abandon more rights than others. But as the view travels closer to the present, the difference of the people?s rights between each other gradually diminishes to a negligible amount. This perception of America?s freedom shows an increase of knowledge towards a near-perfect republic. Today, government partially employs the use of total equality. But again, a legitimate government cannot have total equality because of the alienation of certain rights to join the body politic. American government follows the outline of a legitimate government. The checks and balances system balances the amount of power among the three governing houses. Also, the government does not employ a parallel existence of freedom and equality. But that existence is impossible in any legitimate society, according to the description of the body politic and the general will. The individual mind has matured a long way toward this form of structured government, but the basic concept of the government is the natural laws of a human being. Although, man has evolved into a being of great reason, distant from the state of nature, he must look into nature to find a correct and sanctioned regulations and theories.

Public Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Law - Assignment Example However, this must be done with due regard to the fundamental human rights. Therefore, an Act enacted to provide a regulatory framework must entail forward thinking approaches that incorporate holistic mechanics to safeguard infringement of individual entitlements enshrined in the bill of rights and championed by the international law. Case 1 Understandably, the fictitious Airport Security Act 2009 apparently gives the UK minister of security a free hand in devising and imposing bans on persons deemed to be security threats within the vicinity of the UK airports. As a matter of first principle, the legality of the Security Act 2009 should be operationalized within the guiding framework of the public laws as well as approved international laws. Due to a Ministerial policy of an always imposition of restrictive orders on persons considered threats to the Airport safety, Roger found himself dismissed unfit to serve as a security personnel in the Airports on grounds of assault allegation s on Alexa, his former girlfriend. According to the law, discretionary powers must be exercised within reasonable limits. Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) prohibits inhuman treatment or punishment. Further, article 3(2) of the same Acts put limitations on imposed restriction orders by requiring precise and clear definition in situations where curtailment of rights are involved. The minister’s directive is no doubt a preservative measure to safeguard â€Å"Human security,† which requires absence of violent conflicts.1 However, minister discretion baring Roger from access to all airports amounts to unreasonable use of powers. In Secretary of State for Education v Tameside M.B.C. case involving the use of discretionary powers, the Secretary of State power to reject applications authorizing the running of grammar school system was under review. Accordingly, the court found the Secretary of State for Education discretion to rejec t the system unreasonable stating that the grammar school system had a proven track record and was therefore a reasonable system of education.2 The basis of the directive in Roger case cannot be ascertained with finality as there is no evidence of criminal record to warrant a label of security threat to all airports. Thus, Roger has legal standing to seek redress in a court of law provided his testimony satisfy the "victim test" stipulated under Article 34 of the Human Rights Act of 1998. According to Section 4 of the Security Act 2009, the Minister of Security has power to issue a restriction order in circumstances he thinks fit. This process regardless of whether the such decisions are ‘right’ or ‘correct’ decision, falls far short of the procedural legal basis in reaching a conclusive decision as set forth under the law. The Act is in contravention of the constitutional right of access to the courts at common law,3 which also involves the right to be hea rd and unimpeded access to a legal expert to offer legal advice and assistance.4 Case 2 One of the fundamental principles of the Geneva Convention Asylum agreements provides for surrogate protection to those failed by their home countries.5 Filling the void of a â€Å"factual breach of bond† between the citizen and the motherland, the law affords protection to the

Introduction to Financial Market Instruments. End of Course Assignment

Introduction to Financial Market Instruments. End of Course - Assignment Example Together the capital and money markets are used to manage risk and liquidity for individuals, governments and companies. The main players in the financial market are banks, households, sovereign entities, firms, insurance companies and other financial institutions (Williams, 2011). The report will focus on the UK capital market including equities, corporate bonds and government debts, UK property and commodity markets of UK. The commodity market will include gold as well as oil markets of United Kingdom. Five year viewpoint of the following markets will also be provided in order to provide recommendation on the best asset class. Factors which will drive the upcoming performance of UK capital markets will also be taken into consideration. The equity market of UK is the global market as more than 70% of profits generally come from the overseas; therefore it reflects the international market. It has fairly a big sector of resources and the mining and oil sector are the major sectors. They together contribute more than 15% and due to this reason the economy of UK is quite strong (Wall, 2015c). Though, the equity market of UK is expected to become volatile because of the turbulent election prevailing in the country. The overall increase of the revenue is also anticipated to remain exigent in the current year i.e. 2015. The alteration in the agenda of general election is the major reason of ambiguity for the equity market of the United Kingdom (Barnett, 2015). The main factor which is constantly overshadowing the equity market performance is the interaction between growing cynicism of the investors on the worldwide economic viewpoint and the capability of the policymakers towards creating the circumstances to strengthen p rospects of growth where necessary. The recent euro zone performance and the Chinese economy’s presentation is concerning. This is due to the reason that weaker than anticipated progress in these regions