Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

L and D Assignment 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development Submitted By Pravin Bang Submitted To, Prof. Abhishek Kumar Psychoanalytic Theory, brought about by Sigmund Freud and created and altered by his associates, understudies, pundits and later by ‘neo-Freudians', for example, Erich Fromm in the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years, has been a critical impact and commitment to mental research, treatment of psychological maladjustment and a general comprehension of the turn of events and working of the human psyche[1].Tenets of Psychoanalytic Theory Though the field has formed into a few complex branches with an assortment of thoughts and hypothetical systems since its origination, a portion of its essential and basic precepts can be perceived as follows: 1. )Human character is dictated by, aside from inherited qualities, youth condition, encounters and recollections. 2. )The Human psyche is isolated into three ‘parts'(not genuinely): Conscious, P re-cognizant and Subconscious.The cognizant brain is the place we put things which we are at present mindful to, the pre-cognizant psyche is the place we put things we know about however which are not the subject of our consideration lastly the inner mind is the place we have little control or mindfulness about the procedures or feelings, I. e. , isn't arrived at the cognizant psyche. 3. )The above idea was later advanced into the possibility of the Id, Ego and Super Ego, by Freud. Id is the procedure of the brain which works exclusively on the ‘pleasure-head' and is the wellspring of our motivations and wants, it is a piece of the psyche when an individual is born.Ego creates during earliest stages and works on the ‘reality standard', it knows about the imperatives and restrictions of this present reality. The Super inner self alludes to how we see ourselves and our good and moral qualities. In this model the capacity of Ego is to adjust the Id and Super Ego inside the requirements and impediments of this present reality. 4. )Human motivations and wants begin from the inner mind, this has the significant outcome that we are not in charge of our conduct and drives. The primary human drives are sex and aggression.Conflict and mental issues emerges when the endeavor to carry subliminal crashes into the cognizant brain meets mental opposition, I. e. , when certain feelings are ‘repressed' and compelled to stay in the subliminal basically as a result of their incongruence with the worth frameworks and good principles appropriate to oneself as saw by the Super Ego. This is done through ‘defence instruments'. Therapy and Childhood Development Psyschoanalytical hypothesis has been a persuasive idea for clarifying the advancement of a person's personality.The two significant speculations with respect to this subject are Freud's Psychosexual Development hypothesis and Erikson's Psychosocial Development hypothesis. It is important that both these thoeries loan incredible essentialness to youth condition and it very well may be said that psychoanalytical methodologies prompted adolescence being viewed as being of a lot more noteworthy mental hugeness than it had been verifiably. Erkison's Theory of Psychosocial Development Unlike Freud's Psychosexual hypothesis, Psychosocial Development respects character being constantly influenced and changed all through the person's lifetime.Erikson's hypothesis characterizes the term ‘Ego Identity' which might be clarified as the person's discernment and consciousness of self created through social connection over their life expectancy. Each phase in this hypothesis is described by a contention or ‘challenge' which emerges through contrasts in close to home and sociocultural perspectives and which the individual must make plans to develop into a superior character. Anyway the goals of contention isn't vital for the person to move towards the following stage.The eight phases o f Erikson's hypothesis are laid out underneath: a. )First Stage: Starting from birth and going on for one year, this stage includes the contention among Trust and Mistrust, with the newborn child being totally needy, the capability and consistency of his parental figures would decide if his viewpoint towards the world is that of trust or doubt. b. )Second Stage: Spanning from age a few, this stage is described by the contention among Autonomy and Shame and Doubt.At this age the kid starts to create engine capacities and can satisfy his very own portion needs, anyway guardians despite everything stay an essential help through which and under whose watch the kid begins learning assignments and starts to investigate his general surroundings. Guardians who watchfully empower these early endeavors at independence impart a feeling of self-rule and trust in the kid's character, anyway too prohibitive or requesting guardians may thwart the constructive outcomes of this procedure and ingrain a feeling of self-uncertainty and disgrace in the kid. . )Third Stage: Seen in offspring old enough three to six, this stage is portrayed by the contention among Initiative and Guilt. At this age kids quickly obtain new aptitudes and information, they are learning standards of mechanical causality, lingual and linguistic capacities, performing complex undertakings which award expanded independence and authority of the world. At this age the kid's inspiration for activity is that of accomplishment, he plans to illuminate a reason with the errands he ndertakes, fruitful goals of this stage prompts a feeling of activity and authority, in spite of the fact that endeavor assignments which are too intricate or not yielding positive outcomes may instigate dissatisfaction and outrage. Nonetheless, if guardians dishonor or subvert this newly discovered inspiration of the youngster he builds up a feeling of blame with respect to his emotions and desires for engaging in different activities a nd errands. d. )Fourth Stage: Occuring from age five to twelve, this stage is portrayed by the contention among Industry and Inferiority.During these years youngsters become acquainted with and find out about innovation and makes and become roused to adding to productive and profitable activity. During this stage the youngster builds up a sense or participation and readiness to â€Å"do it right†. Fruitful goals of this stage prompts the vaccination of innovative characteristics; anyway inability to accomplish a feeling of productiveness and dominance prompts sentiments of inadequacy. e. )Fifth Stage: Spanning from thirteen to nineteen years old, this stage is described by the contention among Identity and Role Confusion.During puberty, youngsters investigate their autonomy and build up a feeling of self. The individuals who get appropriate consolation and support through close to home investigation will rise up out of this phase with a solid feeling of self and a sentiment o f autonomy and control. The individuals who stay uncertain of their convictions and wants will feel shaky and befuddled about themselves and what's to come. f. )6th Stage: Covering youthful adulthood from age 20 to 24, this stage is portrayed by the contention among Intimacy and Isolation.During this stage individuals start investigating individual relationship and the effective goals of this stage requires the individual structure close, serious relationships and prompts a conviction that all is good. Effective goals at this stage requires are solid faculties of indentify created in the past one, individuals who fall flat at this stage build up a feeling of seclusion and forlornness. g. )Seventh Stage: Covering middle age from 25 to 64 years, this stage is described by the contention among Generatively and Stagnation.The principle inspiration of people at this stage is to give direction to the people to come; this stage additionally includes framing solid, tolerating and sound fami lial connections. Disappointment at this stage prompts a sentiment of stagnation. h. )Eigth Stage: The last formative stage, this stage is described by the contention among Integrity and Despair. On the off chance that the individual can take a gander at the existence he has driven and feel achieved then he feels a feeling of uprightness, anyway inability to do so prompts a feeling of despair.Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development Unlike Erikson's hypothesis, Psychosexual Development proposes grown-up character being resolved distinctly from heredity or past youth encounters and recollections. Freud sketched out the phases of character improvement during youth, being portrayed by certain erogenous zones and their chaperon clashes the constructive goals of which prompts a sound character though â€Å"fixation† at a specific stage, I. e. , stalling out at the drives of a specific stage prompts pessimistic character characteristics, as follows: a. Oral Stage: The primary pha se of advancement enduring from birth to 1 years old, at this stage youngsters investigate the world with their most touchy zone, the mouth. Obsession at this stage prompts propensities, for example, smoking, over eating, and so forth b. )Butt-centric Stage: This stage stars from age to and endures unto age three, at this age kids learn command over disposal of real waste. Can preparing turns into a significant factor as appropriate preparing from guardians lead to youngsters getting certain and gainful though excessively indulgent or too cruel preparing prompts a disrupted and fanatical character separately. . )Phallic Stage: Lasting from three to six years old, effective goals of this stage prompts disguise of ethical quality though obsession prompts a forceful, vain and ruling sexuality later on. d. )Inactivity Stage: Lasts from six years old until adolescence, fruitful goals of this stage prompts improvement of social and relationship building abilities and capacity to construct and look after connections. e. )Genital Stage: Final formative stage, endures from adolescence to the vast majority of the grown-up life, fruitful goals prompts mental freedom from parents.References: 1. ) Slater, Charles L. (2003), â€Å"Generativity versus stagnation: An elaboration of Eriks

Market Research and Marketing Research Essay Example for Free

Statistical surveying and Marketing Research Essay Research is the way toward social event, handling and investigating data on business sectors. The extent of such research is constrained to the investigation of business sectors and does exclude concentrates on the brand or item to be promoted. Statistical surveying is a subset of advertising research. Showcasing Research is the way toward social affair, handling and examining data to advertise an item. It incorporates, yet isn't constrained to statistical surveying. Showcasing research reaches out to different regions of promoting action like: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Studies on buyer conduct Brand and situating Research on item and bundling Research on correspondence systems and publicizing channels and their viability Studies on deals advancement techniques and impacts of limits and deals advancement procedures on client purchasing and utilization propensities 6. Brand recognition examines 1 Difference between Qualitative versus Quantitative 2 Importance of Marketing Research The significance of advertising research in the executives stretches out to keen dynamic, boosting benefits, expanding the deals, limiting the dangers and discovering whether another item will be gainful in a given market at a given time. What is Marketing Research? This exploration can be characterized as the way toward social occasion recording and investigating the information identified with specific items and administrations. This requirement for statistical surveying is gotten from the idea that just by understanding the necessities and needs of the intended interest group and by successfully meeting them, you will have the option to accomplish the authoritative objectives and outperform the opposition n the particular market. Along these lines, emerges the need to gather information about the clients, contenders, and different powers in the commercial center. This information thusly is gathered and broke down to settle on applicable promoting choices, be it corresponding to se tting up a business, building up an item, making a brand or concocting a publicizing effort. What is the Importance of Marketing Research? To Make Marketing Decisions: This examination causes the advertisers to settle on a choice about the item or administration. Some of the time an advertiser may accept that the new item or administration is helpful for the clients. In any case, research may show that clients needn't bother with an item or are addressing their requirements with a specific contender item, etc. Essentially great research endeavors to give choices to the effective presentation of new items and administrations. This makes the market passage of another item or administration less hazardous. Endure the Competition: Marketing research helps in finding out and understanding contender data, for example, their personality, advertising system, client center and size of activities. This aides in enduring and in specific cases, in any event, abandoning the opposition. In addition, with statistical surveying you can likewise help comprehend the under-served shopper portions and purchaser needs that have not 3 been met. Assists with choosing Target Markets: Research gives client data regarding their area, age, purchasing conduct and sexual orientation. This enables the advertisers to focus in on the objective markets and clients for their items and administrations. Expand Profits: Apart from benefit amplifying steps, for example, thing streamlining, client gainfulness examination, and value versatility, showcasing research permits you to discover techniques that can assist you with augmenting benefits. For instance, an items cost flexibility research can assist you with finding out the effect of an expanded cost on the deals and the benefits of an item. This accentuation on benefit additionally causes the companys center to move from expanding deals to expanding the benefits of an organization. This enables the organization to get by over the long haul and expand its benefits. Expanding the Sales: Increasing the deals of your items or administrations helps an organization in boosting its benefits. By understanding the clients needs, needs and mentality towards the items and deciding if your items fit the bill, advertisers can build their deals. This aides in not just expanding the deals to the objective clients and individuals previously utilizing the item yet additionally changing over the non clients into clients for the item. With a comprehension of the client, contenders, items and the general business needs, this exploration can outfit the administration with the ability to settle on better choices. In any case, the significance of promoting research is constrained to simply being an advertising device that causes you settle on an educated choice. So instead of putting together the entirety of your administration choices with respect to a client overview, utilize this device as a guide and supplement it with canny dynamic.

Instructions In the Event You Find Yourself In a Neil Gaiman Story

Instructions In the Event You Find Yourself In a Neil Gaiman Story Ten years ago (I had to take a legit moment to grapple with how impossible that seems), I picked up my copy of Neil Gaimans Fragile Things. Its a collection ofwell, a little of everything, I suppose. There are some short stories, a little poetry, a spooky personal essay ghost story thing. Its atypical collection fare but perhaps the typical Gaiman farebeautiful odds and ends. One of my favorite pieces is “Instructions,” which went on to become a stand alone book, aptly named Instructions and aptly illustrated by the masterful Charles Vess, who also illustrated Stardust (which I have written about here)  and lots of other great things. Im not sure if its an odd or if its an end, but its a lovely poem that lays out just what one should do should one find oneself suddenly inside a fairy tale. Can you imagine? If youre a frequent visitor to this here Book Riot site, you probably can. Im sure Im not the only one here who has ever wondered (see also: hoped so, so hard) that we might someday wake up in some other worldespecially a world from literature. I still daydream about this. And for todays daydream, I present Instructions In the Event You Find Yourself In a Neil Gaiman Story: Your world is grey, your job is boring, and the people around you are too literal. Leave them. Leave them all behind, and go on a strange, wonderful journey to a different world. Do not bother to pack your thingsâ€"everything you need will be provided, and if it’s not there will be help to get it later. If there is no help, youll figure something out. There is an Other You, probably from a family of your Other Family members. They will be nice to you at first, but they are probably evil unless you are the Other You already, in which case they will be nice, though possibly a little grey and boring. Either way, leave them be. Expect angels, but expect nothing of them. They have their own jobs to do. Find yourself a place of powerâ€"somewhere that connects you right the battery of whatever makes you strongâ€"and respect the place of power of others. Actually, avoid going to someone’s place of power, especially if you are mad at them and double especially if vice versa. Keep your name a secret. Your nameâ€"your true nameâ€"has its own magic, and its best not to hand that kind of authority over to just anyone. You’ll see what I mean. You will probably not really know the rules of how magic works, and you won’t be the only one. Learn what you can, and believe everything. Belief is often enough. There is nothing worse than being forgotten, so do not forget. If you are given the opportunity to change, take it. The alternative is not so good. You will meet someone with a burdensome job that they seem to have been doing forever. Don’t get too close, because they will switch places with you so fast you won’t even know what’s happened until you’ve been doing that burdensome job for a hundred years and you start eyeing a replacement of your own. Say hello to anyone with last name Hempstock. They are innumerable, well connected, and it never hurts to get on their good side. Pay attention to cats, because they definitely have power. But don’t pay them too much attention, because they will definitely bite you. Pay them just the right amount of attention. In fact, treat them like normal cats and you’ll probably do fine. See the gods. If  you wake up to find that it has all been a dream, be comforted. Dreams are the realest stuff of them all. And when you return to your own world, you will recognize it, though it will seem less grey, less boring, less literal. Go back to it, and tell everybody what you have seen. They will believe you.  And belief is enough. Sign up to Swords Spaceships to  receive news and recommendations from the world of science fiction and fantasy. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox. Instructions In the Event You Find Yourself In a Neil Gaiman Story While we at the Riot take some time off to rest and catch up on our  reading, were re-running some of our  favorite posts from the last several months. Enjoy our highlight reel, and well be back with new stuff on Monday, July  11th. This post originally ran February 2, 2016. Ten years ago (I had to take a legit moment to grapple with how impossible that seems), I picked up my copy of Neil Gaimans Fragile Things. Its a collection ofwell, a little of everything, I suppose. There are some short stories, a little poetry, a spooky personal essay ghost story thing. Its atypical collection fare but perhaps the typical Gaiman farebeautiful odds and ends. One of my favorite pieces is “Instructions,” which went on to become a stand alone book, aptly named Instructions and aptly illustrated by the masterful Charles Vess, who also illustrated Stardust (which I have written about here)  and lots of other great things. Im not sure if its an odd or if its an end, but its a lovely poem that lays out just what one should do should one find oneself suddenly inside a fairy tale. Can you imagine? If youre a frequent visitor to this here Book Riot site, you probably can. Im sure Im not the only one here who has ever wondered (see also: hoped so, so hard) that we might someday wake up in some other worldespecially a world from literature. I still daydream about this. And for todays daydream, I present Instructions In the Event You Find Yourself In a Neil Gaiman Story: Your world is grey, your job is boring, and the people around you are too literal. Leave them. Leave them all behind, and go on a strange, wonderful journey to a different world. Do not bother to pack your thingsâ€"everything you need will be provided, and if it’s not there will be help to get it later. If there is no help, youll figure something out. There is an Other You, probably from a family of your Other Family members. They will be nice to you at first, but they are probably evil unless you are the Other You already, in which case they will be nice, though possibly a little grey and boring. Either way, leave them be. Expect angels, but expect nothing of them. They have their own jobs to do. Find yourself a place of powerâ€"somewhere that connects you right the battery of whatever makes you strongâ€"and respect the place of power of others. Actually, avoid going to someone’s place of power, especially if you are mad at them and double especially if vice versa. Keep your name a secret. Your nameâ€"your true nameâ€"has its own magic, and its best not to hand that kind of authority over to just anyone. You’ll see what I mean. You will probably not really know the rules of how magic works, and you won’t be the only one. Learn what you can, and believe everything. Belief is often enough. There is nothing worse than being forgotten, so do not forget. If you are given the opportunity to change, take it. The alternative is not so good. You will meet someone with a burdensome job that they seem to have been doing forever. Don’t get too close, because they will switch places with you so fast you won’t even know what’s happened until you’ve been doing that burdensome job for a hundred years and you start eyeing a replacement of your own. Say hello to anyone with last name Hempstock. They are innumerable, well connected, and it never hurts to get on their good side. Pay attention to cats, because they definitely have power. But don’t pay them too much attention, because they will definitely bite you. Pay them just the right amount of attention. In fact, treat them like normal cats and you’ll probably do fine. See the gods. If  you wake up to find that it has all been a dream, be comforted. Dreams are the realest stuff of them all. And when you return to your own world, you will recognize it, though it will seem less grey, less boring, less literal. Go back to it, and tell everybody what you have seen. They will believe you.  And belief is enough. Sign up to Swords Spaceships to  receive news and recommendations from the world of science fiction and fantasy. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Story Analysis A Short Story - 1150 Words

The Short Story Analysis Short stories can share themes, motifs, symbols, consequences, and plot lines, even if there is never any intention to share a common element between the stories. The stories can be written close together or in different decades and still be linked to the one another. They can also be worlds apart with different meanings in the end, but that does not stop them from having similar ideas expressed within them. The following three stories, â€Å"Lagoon† by Joseph Conrad, â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† by DH Lawrence, and â€Å"The Lady in the Looking Glass† by Virginia Woolf, are three totally different stories that share common threads that make them the stories that they are. â€Å"The Lady in the Looking Glass† is a simple,†¦show more content†¦But, poor devil, poor devil, hes best gone out of a life where he rides his rocking-horse to find a winner.† (Lawrence 15). This sentence shows the common thread of money cannot buy happiness or weal th is dangerous. Epiphany and an illusion of time is also present throughout this story. Thirdly, â€Å"Lagoon† is roughly a ten page short story where the character Tuan goes down the rivers of the Malay Peninsula. He ends up staying with an old friend who goes by the name Arsat. Arsat tells Tuan the story of how he and his wife came to be, but also of how he betrayed his own flesh and blood. His wife dies within the story and he is left alone and seeks revenge over his brother’s death. The last sentence of this particular story reads:â€Å"He stood lonely in the searching sunshine; and he looked beyond the great light of a cloudless day into the darkness of a world of illusions†(Conrad 10). This quote shows another common link of an epiphany, but also a common link of an illusion of time. This story also shows selfishness which all of the other stories carry as well. Firstly, the common link that is the most prominent in all three stories is a climax that results in an epiphany for a character of the story. â€Å"The Lady in the Looking Glass† shows its epiphany when she realises what the looking glass in her bedroom has done to her. This epiphany results in a main character realizing great wisdom too late. â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† shows an epiphany when theShow MoreRelatedShort Story Analysis3036 Words   |  13 Pagesmoralistic principles had been evident in his writings especially in his short stories. It had awaken the ethical standards of late Russia into a more monotheistic nation. Stories like â€Å"God Sees the Truth, But Waits†, â€Å"The Three Questions† and â€Å"What Men Live By† have deep-rooted principles that are trying to tell everyone how to live a good life. This study will try to analyze Tolstoy’s stories like God Sees the Truth but Waits, a story of a merchant Aksionov who was accused of murder and suffered a lifeRead MoreShort Story Analysis1721 Words   |  7 Pagesaround and look at her with his watery eyes. I can’t stop thinking about it. He admitted, his voice full of guilt. I can’t look at him, getting worse with every passing hour without thinking we put him through it. Come here. Before her short, 2 words, sentence was over, the young woman was already wrapping her arms around her friend, feeling his barely controlled shaking. As she rested her head on his shoulder, she could hear Cisco sniffing, fighting off tears. Listen, he’s- IrisRead MoreShort Story Analysis1076 Words   |  5 Pageshappening in a one-page story. Short-short stories often have the affect of making the reader feel uneasy. The reason behind this, is because the stories are so short the writer needs to jump directly into the story with something interesting or alarming to grab the reader’s attention. Often, the more uneasy the writing is, the more it leaves an effect on the reader. Clearly, some stories are more uneasy than others. Sudden Fiction is a book filled with endless short stories within an average ofRead MoreShort Story Analysis1585 Words   |  7 PagesChapter Two She looks behind her then screams as she is tackled by a much larger person. She twists around then glares at her best friend get your heavy ass off me she growls. The larger girl laughs and shakes her head as she straddles Alex. But I missed you she says with a pout, Megan I saw you three hours ago Alex complains trying to wiggle away groaning. Alex could barely control her nervousness and excitement as her best friend sat on top of her. Daniel walks over laughing at them whyRead MoreShort Stories Analysis3284 Words   |  14 PagesA QUESTION OF FIDELITY by Gà ©mino H. Abad Elements | Lines from Story | Interpretation | 1. Setting | â€Å"The first day of the advertisers conference had just ended and he was only waiting for Bianca at the balcony of Indays candle shop†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Maybe youd like to look around in the shop? No, lets go somewhere else. Neutrons? Bianca nodded. The evenings so cool, Paco, lets enjoy it and walk.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"He glanced at his watch, quarter to six.† | Place: 1st: balcony of Indays candle shop 2nd:Read MoreAnalysis Of The Novel A Short Story 1979 Words   |  8 PagesShort stories often present the single experience of a character or set of characters where its climax is marked by a moment of crisis, either in a literal or more emotional and spiritual sense. Unlike the novel, a short story does not provide the full details of the circumstances or backstory of the situation at hand, nor does it allow the reader to develop an in-depth relationship with these characters. Despite its condensed form, the short story can possess layers of subtexts and a sort of narrativeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Short Story Of An Hour1033 Words   |  5 Pagesof The Story of an Hour summarizes the main elements of the short story. We can begin to see the story take shape as the author gets straight to the point by stating Mrs. Mallard’s health ailment and the possible danger of unexpected news is highlighted with the words, â€Å"†¦great care must be taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death† (Mays 278). We can start to see the direction that Chopin is headed by this first paragraph and the title of the short story is a nodRead MoreLiterary Analysis Short Story1864 Words   |  8 PagesLiterary analysis Many literary author use different character to represent the way people in a given period acted or behaved towards each other. An author such as Flannery O’Connor has used various characters in her short stories for various reasons. However, one factor evident in the texts is that she has portrayed them in the most negative way. Therefore, this paper is an analysis of how O’Connor stories A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Good Country People, and Everything That Rises Must Converge portrayRead MoreAnalysis of Short Story: Armor10060 Words   |  41 PagesANALYSIS OF THE SHORT STORY ARMOR BY JOHN BENGAN By Aireen Grace Asis Dongon Ron Ron Sawal Fabian Rosas Catherine Palacio Villagen Shiela Marie Ordinario Villaluz Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Lit 001 (Philippine Literature) Camarines Norte State College Daet, Camarines Norte March 9, 2015 Jocelyn A. Trinidad Literature Adviser CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A short story  is a brief work of  literature, usually written in  narrative  prose. It is a fictional work depictingRead MoreQwertyuiop Short Story Analysis1303 Words   |  6 Pagesbut once. ïÆ'Ëœ Letting go when necessary. ïÆ'Ëœ Love and care for family members. ïÆ'Ëœ Respect has to be earned. 3.0 SETTING ïÆ'Ëœ Atmosphere †¢ The story probably takes place in early 20th century when office work was done on typewriters and tapes were still in use. Computers were probably not in use yet. ïÆ'Ëœ Location †¢ Ross and Bannister’s firm. ï€ ­ The story is set in the town of Belmont in the office of Ross and Bannister’s where Lucy Beck works as a secretary and where the haunted typewriter is.

Emily Bronte s Hamlet And Wuthering Heights

Revenge in Hamlet and Wuthering Heights Abstract This concise paper is an analogical study. It consists of three parts; the first one defines the word revenge and explains where the theme of revenge comes from and how it has expended to other types of literary works until these days. The second part of the study, is supported by exemplifies Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet. The last part of the paper, provides Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s novel, Wuthering Heights as a good example; because one of the main themes in it is revenge. Introduction Some people consider it to be the best way to get back at someone; or they decide to do it on behalf of the law if the law does not give them justice in return for someone who has committed a crime or an error that†¦show more content†¦There are some protocols of Revenge in literary works which are often madness, murders, or a ghost of a murdered victim urges revenge such as in Hamlet (the researcher sheds light on it in the next part of the paper.) Here are some famous examples of some works in English literature that present revenge as a theme: the plays, Hamlet and Othello, by William Shakespeare, the novel The Count of Monte Cristo, by Alexandre Dumas, and the short story The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe. More modern examples include the novels, Carrie by Stephen King and Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn. Although revenge is a theme in itself, it is also considered to be a genre. Revenge in Hamlet Most revenge-tragedies deal with some basic aspects: a play within a play, mad scenes, a ghost calls for a revenge, gory scenes, and, most significantly, the main character who has some complaints against an opponent. There are three plots in Shakespeare’s Hamlet: the central plot is revenge plot, alongside with romance plot and the war events. There are characters who are involved in the revenge plot, besides Hamlet and his uncle, for instance, there are the ghost, and his mother. Revenge in Hamlet is a recurrent theme. Even though Hamlet likes to avenge

Plc Programmable Logic Controller Free Essays

AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM USING PLC * Company Products Services * Abstract * Hydraulic System * Bow Compression Machine * Circuit Diagram * Description * Chiller Unit * Solenoid valve * Introduction To PLC * Software * Advantages Of PLC * Introduction To PLC * Existing System * Proposed System * Ladder Logic Diagram * Ladder Logic Description * Energy Saving Calculation * For Existing Method * For Proposed Method * Advantages Applications * Conclusion * References ABSTRACT : One of the challenging factor in factories, for the proper functioning of the machine for the long duration with efficiency is to keep certain parameters within a specific range. Thus, in this paper, we have designed a ladder diagram for running PLC with the objective to automatically control the hydraulic system. Our main requirement is to design a PLC which can be connected to hydraulic system to implement the parameters and operations like Temperature detection, Pressure detection, Lubrication, Automatic machine operation and Oil level detection. We will write a custom essay sample on Plc Programmable Logic Controller or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mentioned parameters and operations can be sensed and operated through PLC without any manual checking and operation. This saves more power to industries by reducing the power consumption. INTRODUCTION In the last decades, the machines used in the industries were operated manually. So keeping its certain important parameters in a specific range was difficult. Also they can not be checked out frequently. This results in improper functioning of the machine. Also, the machines cannot work efficiently for a long time. For example, if the temperature of the oil goes beyond the desired value it will affect the machine function. Hence the machine accessories cannot withstand this high temperature. This leads to the damage in machine and the durability of the machine also gets reduced. Thus, the working machine requires frequent checking of certain parameters to maintain the value within the specified range for proper operation. The various parameters to be checked frequently are: 1. Temperature detection 2. Lubrication 3. Automatic machine operation 4. Oil level detection . Pressure Thus we are using a PLC to control all these parameters. We are designing a ladder diagram to control all the parameters automatically. In this paper, we are describing about the hydraulic drive system in which PLC is used to control its working. An introduction of PLC is provided and also the ladder diagram overview. We will be discussing about the advantages of PLC and also the power saving estimation in the industries by using PLC. The machine which we have taken under consideration for implementation is BOW CORRECTION MACHINE. Also, the chiller unit is described as it plays a major role for the power saving purpose. HYDRAULIC DRIVE SYSTEM : A  hydraulic drive system  is a drive or  transmission  system that uses pressurized  hydraulic fluid  to drive  hydraulic machinery. The term hydrostatic refers to the transfer of energy from flow and pressure, not from the  kinetic energy  of the flow. Principle of a hydraulic drive Pascal’s law  is the basis of hydraulic drive systems. As the pressure in the system is the same, the force that the fluid gives to the surroundings is therefore equal to pressure ? rea. In such a way, a small piston feels a small force and a large piston feels a large force. For an understanding of how a hydraulic system works, we must know the basic principles, or laws, of hydraulics, that is, of confined liquids under pressure. This will be made easier, however, if we first examine the somewhat simpler laws governing the behavior of liquids when  unconfined, that is, in open containers. 1. Liquids in open containers. a. Density and specific gravity. The first characteristic of an unconfined liquid which interests us is its density. The density of a fluid is the  weight of a unit volume of it. The unit of volume normally used in this text is the cubic foot; the unit of weight normally used is the pound. The standard of density, to which the densities of all other liquids are referred, is that of pure water at zero degrees centigrade (32 degrees Fahrenheit), and at sea-level atmospheric pressure. b. Force and pressure. A liquid has no shape of its own. It acquires the shape of its container up to the level to which it fills the container. However, we know that liquids have weight. This weight exerts a force upon all sides of the container, and this force can be measured. Therefore, for unconfined liquids, that is, liquids in open containers, the pressure in pounds per square inch exerted by the liquid on the bottom of the container is equal to the weight of the liquid on each square inch of the bottom of the container. It must be emphasized that the  weight  of the liquid is here thought of as a  forceexerted on the bottom of the container. Expressed as a formula, we have: Pressure = Force per unit area It is understood that the word pressure, when not otherwise qualified, means  pressure in pounds per square inch. This is called the total force and is obtained by the formula: Total Force = Pressure X Area The pressure exerted by a liquid on the bottom of a container is independent of the shape of the container, and depends only on the height and density of the liquid. 2. Liquids in enclosed systems. a. Liquids are practically incompressible. The following two basic principles will help to explain the behavior of liquids when enclosed: a) Liquids are practically incompressible. ) The applied pressure is transmitted equally in all directions at once. b. Increase of force with area. The ratio between the  force applied to the smaller piston  and the  force applied to the larger piston  is the same as the ratio between the  area of the smaller pistonand the  area of the larger piston. Expressed as a proportion, then, we have: Force on larger piston/Force on smaller piston = Area of larger piston/Area of smaller piston This means that the mechanical advantage obtainable by such an arrangement is equal to the ratio between the areas of the two pistons. Since the area of the larger cylinder is 10 times as great as that of the smaller cylinder, pushing the smaller piston downward a distance of 1 inch will move the larger piston upward only 1/10 of an inch. The ratio between the displacement of liquid in the smaller cylinder and the displacement of liquid in the larger cylinder is once again equal to the ratio between their areas. so that the amount of work (force X distance) done by the larger piston is exactly the same as the amount done by the smaller piston. c. Multiple units. It is not necessary to confine our system to a single line from the source of hydraulic power. Hydraulic power may be transmitted in many directions to do multiple jobs. PUMP – In practice we usually need some device which will deliver, over a period of time, a definite volume of fluid at the required pressure, and which will continue to deliver it as long as we desire it to do so. Such a device is called a  pump. Basic principles of pumps. A hydraulic pump is a mechanical device which forcibly moves, or displaces, fluids. Various pumping principles are employed in the different types of hydraulic pumps, but one fundamental principle applies to all: a volume of fluid entering the intake opening, or port, is moved by mechanical action and forced out the discharge port. Hydraulic fluids. Almost any free-flowing liquid is suitable as a hydraulic fluid, as long as it will not chemically injure the hydraulic equipment. For example, an acid, although free-flowing, would obviously be unsuitable because it would corrode the metallic parts of the system. a. Basic units of a hydraulic system. 1. A reservoir, or supply tank, containing oil which is supplied to the system as needed and into which the oil from the return line flows. 2. A pump, which supplies the necessary working pressure. 3. A hydraulic cylinder, or actuating cylinder, which uses the hydraulic energy developed in the pump to move the door. 4. A cut-out valve, by means of which the pressure in the actuating cylinder may be maintained or released as desired. 5. A check valve, placed in the return line to permit fluid to move in only one direction. 6. â€Å"Hydraulic lines,† such as piping or hose, to connect the units to each other. The supply tank must have a capacity large enough to keep the entire system filled with oil and furnish additional oil to make good the inevitable losses from leakage. The tank is vented to the atmosphere; thus atmospheric pressure (14. 7 pounds per square inch) forces the oil into the inlet, or suction, side of the pump. The tank is generally placed at a higher level than the other units in the system, so that gravity assists in feeding oil into other units. The pump is the hand-operated, reciprocating piston type. SOLENOID VALVE : A  solenoid valve  is an  electromechanically  operated  valve. The valve is controlled by an  electric current  through asolenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a  manifold. Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in  fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design. There are many valve design variations. Ordinary valve can have many ports and fluid paths. A 2-way valve, for example, has 2 ports; if the valve is  closed, then the two ports are connected and fluid may flow between the ports; if the valve is  open, then ports are isolated. If the valve is open when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termed  normally open  (N. O. ). Similarly, if the valve is closed when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termednormally closed. [1]  There are also 3-way and more complicated designs. A 3-way valve has 3 ports; it connects one port to either of the two other ports (typically a supply port and an exhaust port). Solenoid valve are also characterized by how they operate. A small solenoid can generate a limited force. If that force is sufficient to open and close the valve, then a  direct acting  solenoid valve is possible. An approximate relationship between the required solenoid force  Fs, the fluid pressure  P, and the orifice areaA  for a direct acting solenoid value is: Where  d  is the orifice diameter. A typical solenoid force might be 15  N (3.   lbf). An application might be a low pressure (e. g. , 10 pounds per square inch (69  kPa)) gas with a small orifice diameter (e. g. ,  3? 8  in (9. 5  mm) for an orifice area of 0. 11  sq  in (7. 1? 10? 5  m2) and approximate force of 1. 1  lbf (4. 9  N)). When high pressures and large orifices are encountered, then high forces are required. To generate those forces, an  internall y piloted  solenoid valve design may be possible. [1]  In such a design, the line pressure is used to generate the high valve forces; a small solenoid controls how the line pressure is used. Internally piloted valves are used in dishwashers and irrigation systems where the fluid is water, the pressure might be 80 pounds per square inch (550  kPa) and the orifice diameter might be  3? 4  in (19  mm). In some solenoid valves the solenoid acts directly on the main valve. Others use a small, complete solenoid valve, known as a pilot, to actuate a larger valve. While the second type is actually a solenoid valve combined with a pneumatically actuated valve, they are sold and packaged as a single unit referred to as a solenoid valve. Piloted valves require much less power to control, but they are noticeably slower. Piloted solenoids usually need full power at all times to open and stay open, where a direct acting solenoid may only need full power for a short period of time to open it, and only low power to hold it. A direct acting solenoid valve typically operates in 5 to 10 milliseconds. The operation time of a piloted valve depends on its size; typical values are 15 to 150 milliseconds. Solenoid valves are used in  fluid power  pneumatic and hydraulic systems, to control cylinders, fluid power motors or larger industrial valves. Automaticirrigation sprinkler  systems also use solenoid valves with an automatic  controller. Domestic  washing machines  and  dishwashers  use solenoid valves to control water entry into the machine. Solenoid valves are used in  dentist chairs  to control air and water flow. In the  paintball  industry, solenoid valves are usually referred to simply as â€Å"solenoids. † They are commonly used to control a larger valve used to control the propellant (usually compressed air or CO2). In addition to this, these valves are now been used in household water purifiers (RO systems). Besides controlling the flow of air and fluids, solenoids are used in pharmacology experiments, especially for patch-clamp, which can control the application of agonist or antagonist. Many variations are possible on the basic, one-way, one-solenoid valve described above: * one- or two-solenoid valves; * direct current  or  alternating current  powered; * different number of ways and positions; INTRODUCTION TO PLC : A  Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC, is more or less a small computer with a built-in operating system (OS). This OS is highly specialized to handle incoming events in real time, i. . at the time of their occurrence. The PLC has input lines where sensors are connected to notify upon events (e. g. temperature above/below a certain level, liquid level reached, etc. ), and output lines to signal any reaction to the incoming events (e. g. start an engine, open/close a valve, etc. ). The system is user programmable. It uses a language called â€Å"Relay Ladderâ₠¬  or RLL (Relay Ladder Logic). The name of this language implies that the control logic of the earlier days, which was built from relays, is being simulated. The PLC is primarily used to control machinery. A program is written for the PLC which turns on and off outputs based on input conditions and the internal program. In this aspect, a PLC is similar to a computer. However, a PLC is designed to be programmed once, and run repeatedly as needed. In fact, a crafty programmer could use a PLC to control not only simple devices such as a garage door opener, but their whole house, including switching lights on and off at certain times, monitoring a custom built security system, etc. Most commonly, a PLC is found inside of a machine in an industrial environment. A PLC can run an automatic machine for years with little human intervention. They are designed to withstand most harsh environments. When the first electronic machine controls were designed, they used relays to control the machine logic (i. e. press â€Å"Start† to start the machine and press â€Å"Stop† to stop the machine). A basic machine might need a wall covered in relays to control all of its functions. There are a few limitations to this type of control. * Relays fail. * The delay when the relay turns on/off. There is an entire wall of relays to design/wire/troubleshoot. A PLC overcomes these limitations, it is a machine controlled operation. PLCs are becoming more and more intelligent. In recent years PLCs have been integrated into electrical communications  networks  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ i. e. , all the PLCs in an industrial environment have been plugged into a network which is usually hier archically organized. The PLCs are then supervised by a control center. There exist many proprietary types of networks. One type which is widely known is  SCADA  (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). The PLC is a purpose-built machine control computer designed to read digital and analog inputs from various sensors, execute a user defined logic program, and write the resulting digital and analog output values to various output elements like hydraulic and pneumatic actuators, indication lamps, solenoid coils, etc. Scan cycle Exact details vary between manufacturers, but most PLCs follow a ‘scan-cycle’ format. Overhead Overhead includes testing I/O module integrity, verifying the user program logic hasn’t changed, that the computer itself hasn’t locked up (via a watchdog timer), and any necessary communications. Communications may include traffic over the PLC programmer port, remote I/O racks, and other external devices such as HMIs (Human Machine Interfaces). Input scan A ‘snapshot’ of the digital and analog values present at the input cards is saved to an input memory table. Logic execution The user program is scanned element by element, then rung by rung until the end of the program, and resulting values written to an output memory table. Output scan Values from the resulting output memory table are written to the output modules. Once the output scan is complete the process repeats itself until the PLC is powered down. The time it takes to complete a scan cycle is, appropriately enough, the â€Å"scan cycle time†, and ranges from hundreds of milliseconds (on older PLCs, and/or PLCs with very complex programs) to only a few milliseconds on newer PLCs, and/or PLCs executing short, simple code. ADVANTAGES OF PLC: * PLC’s have flexibility (i. e. ) it is possible to use just one model of PLC to run any one of the 15 machines. * In a PLC program circuit the PLC program can be used from any keyboard sequence in a matter of minute and rewriting is required. PLC has a large number of contacts for each coil in its programming. * Increased technology makes it possible to compact move functions into smaller and less expensive packages. * A PLC programmed circuit can be pre-un ad evaluated in the officer or lab. The program can be typed in tested observed and modified if needed. * PLC circuit operation can be seen during operation directly on a CRT screen. * The operation speed for the PLC program is very fast. * PLC is more reliable. * A PLC programmer who works in digital or Boolean control system can easily perform PLC programming. PLC’s program can’t be made unless the PLC properly unlocked and programmed. LADDER LOGIC DIAGRAM : What is a Ladder Diagram? A Ladder Diagram is one of the simplest methods used to program a PLC. It is a graphical programming language evolved from electrical relay circuits. Each program statement is represented with a line, called the rung, that has all relevant inputs to the left and the output to the right. The output device of a rung is energized if electric power can conceptually flow from the left side of the rung to the right side. Input devices are assumed to block the flow of power if they are not activated. During the execution of a ladder diagram, the PLC reads the states of all inputs, then determines the states of all outputs starting from the rung at the top side, going down to the last rung, and finally updates the state of the output devices. * Naming Convention During the development of a PLC program, we must use specific names to identify the inputs, outputs, memory flags, timers and counters. PLC manufactures use a variety of approaches in naming the inputs, outputs and other resources. A typical naming convention is to identify inputs with the letter â€Å"I† and outputs with the letter â€Å"O†, followed be a 1-digit number that identifies the slot number and a 2-digit number that identifies the position of the input or output in the slot. For example: I1:00 refers to the first input of slot 1 O2:00 refers to the first output of slot 2. Some manufactures number the inputs or outputs starting from 00, while others use the number 01 to identify the first input or output. It is also common to use numbers like 400 e. t. c. The state of an output can be also used as an input in a ladder diagram. In such a case the PLC uses the state of the specific output device that is stored in the output image memory. * Relay Logic Instructions (XIC and XIO) Examine if Closed (XIC) —–[ ]—— Use the XIC instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is On. When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as true. When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the instruction is evaluated as false. Examine if Open (XIO) ——-[/]—— Use the XIO instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is Off. When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the instruction is evaluated as true. When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as false * Relay Logic Instructions: Input Transition Sensing Positive Transition Sense (PTS) The condition of the right link is ON for one ladder rung evaluation when a change from OFF to ON at the specified input is sensed. Negative Transition Sense (NTS) The condition of the right link is ON for one ladder rung evaluation when a change from ON to OFF at the specified input is sensed. * Output Instructions Output Energize (OTE) —-( )—– If the condition of the left link of the OTE is ON then the corresponding bit in the output data memory is set. The device wired to this output is also energized. Negative Output Energize (NOE) ——(/)—– If the condition of the left link of the OTE is OFF then the corresponding bit in the output da ta memory is set. The device wired output is also energized. Output Latch/Set (OTL) and Output Unlatch/Reset (OTU) If the condition of the left link of the OTL is momentary ON then the corresponding bit in the output data memory is set, and remains set even if the condition switches to the OFF state. The output will remain set until the condition of the left link of the OTU is momentary ON * Basic Logic Functions (OR, AND) Two Input OR Function The output is ON only if the two inputs are OFF. Two Input AND Function The output is ON if both of the two inputs are ON. * Basic Logic Functions (NAND,NOR) Two Input NAND Function The output is ON if any of the two inputs is OFF. Two Input NOR Function The output is ON if both of the two inputs are OFF. * Basic Logic Functions (EXOR, EXNOR) Two Input EXOR Function The output is ON if any of the two inputs is ON, but not both. Two Input EXNOR Function The output is ON if both of the two inputs are either OFF or ON. * Set/Reset Latch Set/Reset Latch using a Hold-in contact Set/Reset Latch using Latch/Unlatch outputs Notes: O1:00’ means that the output is unchanged If both inputs are ON then normally the output is OFF, since the Unlatch rung appears last in the ladder diagram. * Timer Instructions Timer Instructions are output instructions used to time intervals for which their rung conditions are true (TON), or false (TOF). These are software timers. Their resolution and accuracy depends on a tick timer maintained by the microprocessor. Each timer instruction has two values (integers) associated with it: Accumulated Value (ACC): This is the current number of ticks (time-base intervals) that have been counted from the moment that the timer has been energized. Preset Value (PR): This is a predetermined value set by the programmer. When the accumulated value is equal to, or greater than the preset value, a status bit is set. This bit can be used to control an output device. Each timer is associated with two status bits: Timer Enable Bit (EN): This bit is set when the rung condition to the left of the timer instruction are true. When this bit is set, the accumulated value is incremented on each time-base interval, until it reaches the preset value. Done Bit (DN): This bit is set when the accumulated value is equal to the preset value. It is reset when the rung condition becomes false. * Timer On-Delay (TON) Instruction The TON instruction begins count when its input rung conditions are true. The accumulated value is reset when the input rung conditions become false. Timer ladder diagram example. Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = 07). * Timer Off-Delay (TOF) Instruction The TOF instruction begins count when its input rung makes a true-to-false transition, and continues counting for as long as the input rung remains false. The accumulated value is reset when the input rung conditions become false. Timer ladder diagram example. Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = 07). * Retentive Timer (RTO) Instruction The RTO instruction begins count when its input rung conditions are true. The accumulated value is retained when the input rung conditions become false, and continues counting after the input rung conditions become true. * Counter Instructions Counter Instructions are output instructions used to count false-to-true rung transitions. These transitions are usually caused by events occurring at an input. These counters can be UP (incrementing) or DOWN (decrementing). Each counter instruction has two values (integers) associated with it: Accumulated Value (ACC): This is the current number of the counter. The initial value is zero. Preset Value (PR): This is a predetermined value set by the programmer. When the accumulated value is equal to, or greater than the preset value, a status bit is set. This bit can be used to control an output device. Each counter is associated with two status bits: Counter Enable Bit (EN): This bit is set when a false-to-true rung condition to the left of the counter instruction is detected. Done Bit (DN): This bit is set when the accumulated value is equal to the preset value. It is reset when the rung condition becomes false. The maximum count value is 9999*. After a maximum count is reached, the counters reset and start counting from zero. * Count-up (CTU) Instruction The CTU instruction increments its accumulated value on each false-to-true transition at its input, starting from 0. Counter ladder diagram example. Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = 10). * Count-down (CTD) Instruction The CTD instruction decrements its accumulated value on each false-to-true transition at its input, starting from 0. Counter ladder diagram example. Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = -10). * The Reset (RES) Instruction The RES instruction resets timing and counting instructions. When the RES instruction is enabled it resets the following. Counters:Accumulated value, Counter Done Bit , Counter Enabled Bit. Timers: Accumulated value, Timer Done Bit, Timer Timing Bit, Timer Enable Bit. Reset ladder diagram example. ADVANTAGES ; APPLICATION: * Automatic control of machine. * Free from manual operation and frequent checking. * Machine fault is reduced. * Energy consumption is reduced. * This method can save more power. * Industrial application mainly used for boiler production. * Drilling and boring applications. * This applications can be implemented for all machines in BHEL. BOW CORRECTION MACHINE : These are the specifications of the bow correction machine currently in use. MACHINE| BOW CORRECTION MACHINE| CAPACITY| 600 TONS| CYLINDER BORE| 550 MM| RAM DIAMETER| 520 MM| DAYLIGHT| 3000 MM| THROAT| 1700 MM| STROKE| 500 MM| CONNECTED LOAD| 60+1+5 HP| TOTAL WEIGHT| 80 TONS| BOLSTER SIZE| 1500*2000*200 MM| SPEEDS OF OPERATION| 15mm/sec – APPROACH6mm/sec – PRESSING60mm/sec – RETURN | PURPOSE. In the pipes used in boilers, small pipes are attached using welding. This welding makes the pipe to bent. Thus its surface becomes uneven and makes it imperfect to be used in boilers. In this case this machine is used. Using this machine the bents and bows can be straightened and makes the pipes perfect to be used in the boilers. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : OPERATION. The hydraulic circuit is designed to achieve fast approach speed, slow pressing speed and fast return speeds by use of a single pump. The fast approach speed is achieved by ensuring that the cylinder ram moves down through its self weight or what is termed as gravity fall. To achieve gravity fall of the cylinder of the cylinder it is important to ensure that at all times the pressure in return line is minimum 5 kg/ cm2. On starting the motor the pump delivery is directed to the tank through unloading type relief valve no. 4. The same flow is directed to the Z1 lines of catridge valves 5 ; 7, which ensures that the valves are closed. On operation of solenoid S1 of main relief valve the pump flow is directed to the catridge valves, however due to differential areas the catridges are still closed and pump reaches system pressure and unloads to tank through relief valve 4. On operation of solenoid S2( valve 6) along with S1, Port A of solenoid valve no. 6 is connected to tank Y1 which facilitates opening of catridge valve 5 and hence the oil flows into the forward line of the cylinder resulting in downward movement. At the same time the oil in the return line of the cylinder is connected to tank at the set pressure through valve no. 11. Hence the cylinder moves down with slow pressing speed. On operation of solenoid S4 ( valve 8) along with S1 ; S2 the X port of catridge valve 10 is connected to tank through valve 8, 6 and port Y1 that ensures the opening of the catridge valve 10. Opening of the catridge valve ensures that the return line is connected directly to tank and hence the cylinder oves down with its self weight and fast approach speed is achieved. At the same time prefill valve 14 opens to fill the cylinder forward area with oil. To set the maximum fast approach speed valve 10 is provided with a stroke adjustment setting. On operation of solenoid S3(valve 6) along with S1, port B of solenoid valve no. 6 is connected to tank Y1 which facilitates opening of catridge valve 7 and hence oil flows into the return line of the cylinder. At the same time since A port of solenoid valve no. 6 is connected to pump port X4 is also connected to pump, ensures the opening of prefill valve no 14 and that the forward line of the cylinder is connected back to tank. This results in reverse movement of the cylinder. Pressure relief valve 9 is provided to ensure smooth deceleration of the cylinder from fast approach to pressing. The valve ensures that the pressure in X port of the cartridge valve does not exceed set pressure therby ensuring that the valve closes slowly reducing jerks. The hot oil from the machine is then sent to the chiller unit to reduce its temperature. CHILLER UNIT: In the chiller unit, the refrigerant is used to cool down the hot oil from the machine. REFRIGERATION: A liquid whose Saturation temperature at normal atmospheric pressure is below the temperature that is to be produced by refrigeration is chosen as the working liquid in the refrigerant. Such a liquid will evaporate at lower temperatures and will absorb hear as it does so. This heat is extracted from the surroundings. The vapour formed in this way is compressed in a compressor. After compression the refrigerant may be in the vapour state or, in the liquid state if its temperature after compression is not greater than the saturation temperature at that increase pressure. The low temperature vapour is condensed in a condenser, in doing so it lowers its temperature below the surroundings . Now the condensed liquid is expanded to a lower pressure and the cycle of refrigeration is repeated. REFRIGERATION CYCLE: * Compressors are used in vapour compression cycles. It is the heart of the system and it sucks low-pressure refrigerant vapour from the evaporator and compresses it to a pressure corresponding to the saturation temperature that will be higher than continuously re-circulate the refrigerant through the system. * Air-cooled condensers are heat exchangers,which reject heat from the condensing refrigerant to the atmosphere. * The function of condenser in a refrigerated system is to de-superheat and condense the compressed discharge refrigerant vapour. High-speed fans are mostly used to speed up the process. * At the exit of the condenser the refrigerant loses temperature but still is in high-pressure state. The temperature falls down a little high to the ambient. * Dryers are mainly used to capture the moisture content if any mixed with the refrigerant. When the refrigerant passes through its thin filter mesh the moisture gets trapped on the silica gel and clean refrigerant flows through. * Throttle valve(also called as Expansion valve)is also a very important component of the vapour compression refrigeration system. The function of an expansion device is to expand the liquid refrigerant from the condensing pressure to the evaporating pressure. Also it throttles the required flow into the evaporator depending on the load conditions. Commonly used expansion devices are capillary tubes, thermostatic expansion valves and constant pressure expansion valves. * Any liquid when evaporate creates a cooling effect. Same applies here, when the refrigerant exists expansion valve it is partly in vapour state at low temperature and pressure. It flows through the evaporator and exchanges heat with the surroundings. After existing the evaporator it has gained heat from the surrounding media, thus lowering the temperature in the freezing compartment. This superhead vapour passes further and is drawn by the compressor, which compresses it,and delivers to condenser, thus, completing the refrigeration cycle. The ladder diagram used in this machine is : CNT_ON CNT_OFF MEM_1 MEM_1 MEM_1 MOT_ON MOT_ON MOT_OFF VAL4_ ON VAL4_ON VAL4_ON MEM_2 MEM_2 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 FAST_APP FAST_APP S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 PRESS_ON TIMER T1 PRESET 15 ACC 0 PRESS_ON S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 HOLD_ON HOLD_ON HOLD_MEM HOLD_MEM S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 RET_ON RET_ON VAL4_ON COMPARE TEMP_ON;45 TEMP_ON MEM_4 MEM_4 CHILLER_ON TEMP_ON CHILLER_OFF COMPARE TEMP_ON;45 LOW_SEN ALARM_ON V_LOW_SEN TANK_ON PRES_ON VAL14_ON EXISTING SYSTEM : * There is no temperature detection system. Hence, the chiller unit has to function continuously irrespective of hydraulic oil’s temperature. * Possibilities of machine can run due to friction since there is no Indication of oil in tank. * The chiller unit is running continuously hence there is a possibilities of lot of Energy consumption losses. * There is no automatic control for the whole machine. * There is no automatic function for declamping and lubrication. There is no oil level sensor in the hydraulic tank to sense the oil level in the tank. * Relays are used which is not automatic and inefficient. HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE HYDRAULIC TANK CHILLER UNIT PUMP SOLENOID VALVE PROPOSED SYSTEM: * In this method there is a temperature sensor which is used to sense the temperature of the oil in the hydraulic tank. * The chiller unit will be turned on only when the oil temperature gets increased with the specified value of oil temperature * Fr iction of the machine can be reduced by implementing the lubrication function. Oil level in the hydraulic tank can be detected by using an oil level sensor . * Two types of oil level sensor is used. I. Low level sensor II. Very low level sensor So that we can avoid the machine running in dangerous condition. * All the operation in one axis (x or y or z) can be operated by a single push button switch. * Declamping and lubrication function takes place automatically. ENERGY SAVING CALCULATION: * WITH CHILLER UNIT WORKING CONTINUOUSLY: For continuous running of chiller unit the motor consumes 18KW. Per day: morning -4hrs night -8hrs so chiller unit runs totally 12hrs a day. 8KW*12hrs=216 KWhr The chiller unit consumes 216KWhr per day. For electricity: 1unit= Rs. 5 Therefore 216*5= 1080 So for 216 unit it costs Rs. 1080 per day. 1080*30=Rs. 32,400 For 1month it costs Rs. 32,400 32400*303= Rs. 98,17,200 For 1year it costs Rs. 98,17,200. * WITH PLC: For automatic on/off of chiller unit the motor consumes 10KW. Per day: morning -4hrs night -8hrs so chiller unit runs totally 12hrs a day. 10KW*12hrs=120KWhr The chiller unit consumes 120KWhr per day. For electricity: 1unit= Rs. 5 Therefore 120*5= 600 So for 120unit it costs Rs. 600 per day. 600*30=Rs. 8,000 For 1month it costs Rs. 18,000 18000*303= Rs. 54,54,000 For 1year it costs Rs. 54,54,000. CONCLUSION : This project mainly focuses the oil temperature and oil level detection and also the automatic control of machine. Implementation of this project is simple and very economical. This applications can be implemented for all machines in BHEL. All the functions can be achieved through a single PLC program. The advantage of our project is used to eliminate manual checking and operation. The above mentioned parameters and operation can be sensed and operated through PLC. This project saves more power to industries by reducing the power consumption. REFERENCES : 1. â€Å"Allen bradely Instruction Set user manual† by Rockwell Automation. 2. Programmable Logic Controllers: Programming Methods and Applications by John R. Hackworth and Frederick D. Hackworth, Jr 3. â€Å"Ladder logic fundamentals† industrial control system fall 2006. 4. DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK â€Å"INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL Volume 2 of 2†- U. S. Department of Energy Washington, D. C. 20585. 5. â€Å"Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLCs† (Version 5. 0, May 4, 2007) -Hugh Jack How to cite Plc Programmable Logic Controller, Essay examples

The Global Problem in Syria

Table of Contents Introduction Causes of the Syrian Political Upheavals Effect of the Protests Mitigation Measures Foreign Involvement Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Syria, a nation in the southwest Asia, has encountered several key challenges in the recent past. In the wake of 26 January 2011, Syria experienced its initial demonstration, where a civilian lynched himself, protesting against the current regime.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Global Problem in Syria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Afterwards, the nation has experienced continued adverse political upheavals, thereby creating numerous adversities to the population of the country. This was sparked by the wave of the Arab Spring, where various rebels protested for change, with many politicians ousting their government positions (Ziser 69). Therefore, Syria has followed suit, bringing massive protests within the nation. This has led to severe property damages and loss of lives. As a result, the Syrian government faces criticism from the global community due to the violence that the government metes to protesters, with various nations and world organizations intervening. Therefore, this manuscript will look into the challenges the country is facing, and measures to implement in order to alleviate these challenges. Causes of the Syrian Political Upheavals The protesters claim to have grown tired of the 5-decade tyrannical rule of al-Assad. As a result, they have resorted to numerous revolts, in an effort to eject the leader, with several cities being blockaded within the nation (Coll). Moreover, various organized groups are resolute to end the reign and bring in democracy to Syria. Furthermore, social network sites have aided significantly in the spread of the protests, since it has offered a cheap communication medium. Besides, ethnic clashes among various communities such the Kurds and the Arabs have height ened the civil upheavals (Coll). The nation faces racial tension due to the diversity of the inhabiting communities that include the Arabs and Jews among others. Moreover, the minority groups such as the Alawi face prejudice from other dominant communities. Besides, the media reported of a Kurd activist, who was found lifeless, with signs of torture on his remains. This sparked protests in the nation, with the protestors seeking justice. These upheavals may also have resulted from the various social-economic factors. Before the political crisis, the nation faced severe unemployment challenges. This resulted from the drought that affected agricultural activities within the nation. Agriculture has extreme significance in the nation, since it provides employment for nearly 20% of the population. Monopolies have also posed a grave threat to the Syrian economy, with the small-scale merchants resorting to the low-income trades. Moreover, Syria oil proceeds have drastically reduced, and th is has compelled the government to slash its budget and increase taxes. This poses a heavy burden to the citizens, since they do not receive numerous essential social services, and hence the outburst of the protests.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The protests also had a significant foreign influence. Egypt and Tunisia instigated the Arab Spring. This spread to other Arabian nations, including Libya and Morocco, among others. As a result, Syria also initiated the protests in their state, since they faced similar challenges. Besides, reports indicated that some of the protestors received support from external militant groups such as Hezbollah and Al Qaeda. This posed a solemn dilemma to peace, since they also provided weapons to the protesting groups. Effect of the Protests The Syria upheavals have brought devastating effects to the inhabitants of the nation in various ways. The demonstrations have been extremely violent, leading to serious losses of property and life. Moreover, the army set out to restrain the protestors has been violent, leading to the heightened death toll (De Young). Moreover, statistics show that nearly 10 000 lives have been lost because of the protracted conflicts between the government and the insurgents. In addition, the conflicts have adversely affected the Syrian financial status. Most businesses do not open in fear of attacks, and inhabitants are not going to work since they continually partake in the demonstrations. This has led to the closing down of numerous trade premises within the country. As a result, people lack various essential amenities, thereby lowering their living standards. Besides, many people have lost employment, owing to the protests, thus heightening the already worse situation. Besides, the nation has broken numerous internal relations with many countries because of the ongoing protests. This has led to negative impacts on the international trade of the country, thereby increasing the economic burden to the government and the people. In addition, various western nations have implemented sanctions on the country, thus affecting trade in the country (Vltchek). Moreover, the conflicts discourage foreign investors from venturing into the country, owing to the threat of property loss in the country. Besides, critics argue that social network sites should be abolished in the nation. However, this will only heighten the already severe situation. As such there ought to be freedom of communication. This will reduce people’s tension and hence reduce the bloodshed and property loss. In addition, the continuity of the crises has not only been a challenge of Syria, but it has grown into key world concern. The discrimination of the Kurds has led to the intervention of the Israelis. As a result, countries such as Iran have also intervened to aid Syria. Moreover, nations such as China and the US have intervened to mitigate on the excessive force that the deployed army mete to the protesters (De Young). These countries have dissimilar approaches and policies to curb these conflicts, leading to break-ups among them. Mitigation Measures There is a serious need for mitigation measures to alleviate the current upheavals. Besides, report shows that the global societies are concerned with these disputes, and have criticized the country for policies that the government applies in order to curb the crime. Recently, the government guaranteed to stop the army from using excessive force and use diplomacy in controlling the protestors (De Young).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Global Problem in Syria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, various human rights bodies claim that the government still applies unwarranted force in restraining the demonstrators. As such, foreign human rights bodies ought to intervene, and thereby aid in eradicating people’s anguish. President Bashar ought to step aside, in order to allow arbitration talks to take place. A recent survey showed that the majority of Syrian civilians want him to bow out, and allow unsullied democratic elections to take place. As such, they ought to implement the multiparty system within the nation. Moreover, the worldwide community keeps on pressurizing the leader to resign, through the implementation of various sanctions in the country. This will end the long-standing tyrannical rule, and thereby pave way for democracy that the citizens have desired for a long time. Moreover, introduction of social equality will help in economic recuperation, since foreign will feel secure while investing in Syria. Additionally, the government ought to release the detainees incarcerated during the long-standing violence and take away the army-groups from major cities. Moreover, the government should allow foreign monitors to evaluate the situation, and thereby come with recommendations that alleviate the crisis (Kelley 59). This will result in demonstrators seceding the violence, and thereby help in restoration of serenity. Besides, there ought to be a meticulous transformation in the administration, and incorporate various minority groups such as the Alawi and the Kurds within the administration (Ziser 69). This will serve to alleviate ethnic favoritism that the country currently experiences. This will allow equal representation of all the communities in the administration, and thereby eliminate the long-standing Sunni dominance. It is also evident that Israel intervened in these conflicts because of the Druze. As such, there should be a peace accord among them, in an endeavor to protect the Druze. Besides, some countries have heightened the conflicts by taking sides. Moreover, a recent review confirmed that some nations such as Turkey supported the Sunni community, while Iraq supported the Alawis. The international community ought to intercede and discourage these nations for this form of bias. Foreign Involvement The global community has been actively involved in this war in diverse ways. Some nations, especially the western countries have implicated themselves directly, an attempt to cease the protests (Vltchek). This has been through various sanctions such as freezing the country’s foreign bank. Moreover, they denounce the current government for its approach in stopping the infighting. Ceasing the conflicts in Syria will lead to the removal of such sanctions.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, various global bodies such as the UN have attempted to apply diverse forms of diplomacy in reducing the upheavals. Besides, they have sent experts to monitor the condition, and thus come with recommendation that Syria may implement and stop the conflicts (Kelley 59). However, critics argue that these countries ought to halt the interventions, and should let Syria solve its predicaments internally (Vltchek). Moreover, some critics claim that these countries have additional veiled interests in the country. In my opinion, this is untrue, since these countries only intervene to promote democracy and reduce the looming collapse of the nation. Besides, some nations act in a way that intensifies the upheavals. For instance, a recent report indicated that Russia sold armaments that cost about 1 billion dollars to Syria. This only served to amplify bloodshed in the nation. Moreover, nations such as Turkey and Iraq expressed bias in the conflicts by supporting dissimilar sides o f the protests. These nations ought to cease worsening the war, since this may lead to the ultimate collapse of the nation. Various world bodies ought to intervene, since this will aid in disarming the demonstrators, thereby help calming the protests. Conclusion Syria has faced serious political upheavals in the past resulting to severe property damages and life losses. Moreover, conflicts between protestors have led to negative impacts such economic slump. Unemployment and tax increase are some of the major causes of the turmoil. Besides, politics has played a key role in intensifying the mayhem. The citizens want to eliminate al-Assad’s rule and introduce democracy in the nation. Besides, the global community has denounced these upheavals due to carnages experienced in the nation and has attempted to intervene. However, critics disapprove their arbitration. Some nations have also aided in intensifying the turmoil by supplying funds and armaments to the protestors. The natio n ought to implement the necessary measures, in an endeavor to halt the turmoil and return peace, as well as tranquility. Works Cited Coll, Steve. The Syrian Problem. The New Yorker, 30 May 2011. Web. De Young, Karen. Talk of military aid rises as hopes fade for peaceful Syria solution. Washington Post, 11 March 2012. Web. Kelley, Judith. Monitoring democracy: when international election observation works, and why it often fails. Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012. Print. Vltchek, Andre. Is west genuinely trying to ‘save’ Syria? People’s Daily, 21 February 2012. Web. Ziser, Eyal. Asad’s legacy: Syria in transition. London: C. Hurst Co. Publishers, 2001. Print. This research paper on The Global Problem in Syria was written and submitted by user Dar1us to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.